Introduction This topic covers a variety of statistical principles used in research and study design Measure of Central Tendency Mode defined as the value that occurs most often best for data which is allocated into distinct categories (nominal data) Median defined as the value that occurs at the middle of all values of the variable (half are greater, half are less) not affected by extreme values good for all levels of measurement except nominal data especially good for skewed distributions Mean defined as arithmetic average the most frequently used measure of central tendency uses all values of data highly sensitive to extreme values (especially skewed distributions) Sensitivity Definition probability that test results will be positive in patients with disease Equation sensitivity = a / (a + c) or sensitivity = TP / (TP + FN) Relevance sensitive tests are useful for screening since they are unlikely to miss a patient with disease Example a new test is developed to quickly diagnose HIV. There are 10 patients in the study group with the disease. Upon testing of all 10 patients, only 6 results return positive. What is the sensitivity of the new test? solution sensitivity = a / (a + c) sensitivity = 6 / 10 sensitivity = 60% Disease Positive Disease Negative Test Positive (a) true positive = 6 (b) false positive Test Negative (c) false negative = 4 (d) True negative TOTAL a + c = 10 b + d Specificity Definition probability test result will be negative in patients without disease Equation specificity= d / (b + d) or specificity = TN / (FP + TN) Relevance 2182specific tests are useful for confirmation as they don't result in treatment of an unaffected individual Example in a population of 90 patients who are disease free, a test incorrectly diagnoses 5 patients with disease. What is the specificity of this test? solution specificity = d / (b + d) specificity = 85 / 90 specificity = 94.4% Disease Positive Disease Negative Test Positive (a) true positive (b) false positive = 5 Test Negative (c) false negative (d) true negative = 85 TOTAL a + c b + d (90) False Positive Rate Definition patients without the disease who have a positive test result Equation false positive rate = b / (b + d) Disease Positive Disease Negative Test Positive (a) true positive (b) false positive Test Negative (c) false negative (d) true negative False Negative Rate Definition patients with disease who have a negative test result Equation false negative rate = c / (a + c) Disease Positive Disease Negative Test Positive (a) true positive (b) false positive Test Negative (c) false negative (d) true negative Positive Predictive Value Definition probability patient with a positive test actually has the disease dependent on prevalence of disease Equation PPV = a / (a + b) or PPV = TP / (TP + FP) Example you are evaluating a new serum diagnostic test for Lyme disease that claims sensitivity 90% and specificity 0f 95%. The prevalence of Lyme disease is known to be 10% in late spring in the study of patients who present with fever, arthralgias, and rash. solution PPV = a / (a + b) PPV = 9 / (9 + 4.5) PPV = 67% use sensitivity, specificity, and prevalence to calculate the quadrants Disease Positive Disease Negative Test Positive (a) true positive = 9 (b) false positive = 4.5 Test Negative (b) false negative = 1 (d) true negative = 85.5 TOTAL a+c = 10 b+d = 90 Negative Predictive Value Definition probability patient with a negative test actually has no disease dependent on prevalence of disease Equation NPV = d / (c + d) or NPV = TN / (FN + TN) Example 200 patients are enrolled in a study to evaluate the accuracy of a ELISA-based test for the diagnosis of influenza. 100 patients were diagnosed by the gold-standard method. 80 of the patients with influenza had a positive ELISA-based test as did 5 of the patients without influenza. What is the negative predictive value of this test? solutionNPV = TN / (FN + TN) NPV = 95 / (20 + 95) NPV = 83%Disease PositiveDisease NegativeTest Positive(a) true positive = 80(b) false positive = 5Test Negative(c) false negative = 20(d) true negative = 95 Likelihood Ratio Definition likelihood that a given test result would be expected in a patient with the target disorder compared to the likelihood that that same result would be expected in a patient without the target disorder Classification positive likelihood ratio definition describe how the likelihood of a disease is changed by a positive test result equation positive likelihood ratio = sensitivity / (1 - specificity) negative likelihood ratio definition describe how the likelihood of a disease is changed by a negative test result equation negative likelihood ratio = (1 - sensitivity) / specificity Incidence Definition number of newly reported cases of a disease in specific time period per unit measurement of population Prevalence Definition the total number of cases of a disease present in a location at any time point Determined by performing cross-sectional studies Relative Risk Definition risk of developing disease for people with known exposure compared to risk of developing disease without exposure obtained from cohort studies when RR > 1, the incidence of the outcome is greater in the exposed/treated group Equation incidence risk of YES = a / (a + b) incidence risk of NO =c / (c + d) relative risk = [(a / a + b)] / [(c / c + d)] Disease Status Risk Present Absent Yes a b No c d Example a study is performed concerning the relationship between blood transfusions and the risk of developing hepatitis C. A group of patients is studied for three years. Disease Status Transfused Hepatitis C Healthy Yes 75 595 No 16 712 Odds Ratio Definition represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds that the outcome will occur without the exposure obtained from case-control studies (retrospective) also obtained from the output of logistic regression models odds ratio's approximate RR when the outcome is rare (usually defined as <10%) Equation OR = (a x d) / (b x c) Disease Status Risk Present Absent Yes a b No c d Example a study is performed concerning the relationship between blood transfusions and the risk of developing hepatitis C. A group of patients is studied for three years. Disease StatusTransfusedHepatitis CHealthyYes75595No16712 Number Needed to Treat Definition number of patients that must be treated in order to achieve one additional favorable outcome Equation number needed to treat = (1 / absolute risk reduction) Example you learn the number-needed-to-screen with FOBT is nearly 1000 to prevent colon cancer. What is the absolute risk reduction associated with FOBT? solution absolute risk reduction (ARR) = 1 / number needed to treat ARR = 1 / 1000 ARR = .1% Post-test Odds of Disease Equations post-test probability = (pretest probability) X (likelihood ratio) likelihood ratio = sensitivity / (1 - specificity) pre-test odds = pre-test probability / (1 - pre-test probability) post-test probability = post-test odds / (post-test odds + 1) Power Definition an estimate of the probability a study will be able to detect a true effect of the intervention a power analysis to determine sample size should be performed prior to initiation of the study Equation power = 1 - (probability of a type-II, or beta error) Effect size Definition magnitude of the difference in the means of the control and experimental groups in a study with respect to the pooled standard deviation Variance Definition an estimate of the variability of each individual data point from the mean Type II Error (beta) Definition a false negative difference that can occur by detecting no difference when there is a difference or accepting a null hypothesis when it is false and should be rejected Equation power = 1 - (type-II error) Clinical significance a study that fails to find a difference may be because there actually is no difference or the study is not adequately powered Type I Error (alpha) Definition rejecting a null hypothesis even though it is true Clinical significance by definition, alpha-error rate is set to .05, meaning there is a 1/20 chance a type-I error has occurred Related principle Bonferroni correction post-hoc statistical correction made to P values when several dependent or independent statistical tests are being performed simultaneously on a single data set Confidence Interval Definition the interval that will include a specific parameter of interest, if the experiment is repeated 95% and 99% most commonly used 95% calculated based on mean +/- 1.96 standard deviations most commonly used by convention 99% calculated based on mean +/- 2.58 standard deviations Statistical Inference Definition used to test specific hypotheses about associations or differences among groups of subjects/sample data Classification parametric inferential statistics continuous data that is normally distributed nonparametric inferential statistics continuous data that is not normally distributed (skewed) categorical data Study types when comparing two means Student's t-test used for parametric data Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon rank sum test used for non-parametric data when comparing proportions chi-square test used for two or more groups of categorical data Fisher exact test used when sample sizes are small or number of occurrences in a group is low when comparing three or more groups Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Choosing the Right Test Comparison Parametric Nonparametric Continuous Data Two groups Paired Dependent (paired) t-test Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test Unpaired Independent t-test Mann-Whitney U test Three or more groups Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Kruskal-Wallis test Categorical data Two or more variables Chi-square Chi-square Two or more variables (when the sample size is small) Fisher exact test Fisher exact test Funnel Plot Definition is a simple scatter plot of the intervention effect estimates from individual studies against some measure of each study’s size or precision and is used to detect publication bias in meta-analyses Clinical Significance this method is based on the fact that larger studies have smaller variability, whereas small studies, which are more numerous, have larger variability. Thus the plot of a sample of studies without publication bias will produce a symmetrical, inverted-funnel-shaped scatter, whereas a biased sample will result in a skewed plot. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Definition a graphical representation of the diagnostic ability of different tests used to determine responsiveness Variables False positive rate (1 - specificity) is plotted on the x-axis True positive rate (sensitivity) is plotted on the y-axis Interpretation Area under the ROC curve (C-statistic) used to compare different tests, higher C-statistics mean better diagnostic ability of test an area under the ROC curve of 0.5 is a useless test Survivorship Analysis Overview often used to measure success of joint replacements analyzes data from patients with different lengths of follow-up for analysis, it is assumed that all patients had their operation simultaneously chance of implant surviving for a particular length of time is calculated as the survival rate calculation method is either life table or product limit method May be analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method Life table method annual success rate, determined from the failure rate, is cumulated to give a survival rate for each successive year, this can change only once per year Product limit method same as life table method, but the survival rate is recalculated each time a failure occurs Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) The difference in outcome measures that will have clinical relevance Difficult to study and measure, very few outcome tools have established and universally accepted MCID Helps to reconcile the statistical significance and clinical relevance of study results that use outcome tools.
QUESTIONS 1 of 43 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (SBQ18BS.9) A randomized controlled trial is undertaken to investigate whether tourniquet use increases cement penetration during total knee arthroplasty. Approximately 40% of the patients that were initially randomized to the "no tourniquet" group had tourniquets placed intraoperatively due to difficulty with visualization. Intent-to-treat analysis was conducted and the results showed no difference in the rates of cement penetration. What statistical term best applies if these results are accepted at face value? QID: 211200 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 alpha error 23% (376/1651) 2 beta error 54% (884/1651) 3 1 - alpha 6% (98/1651) 4 1 - beta 9% (143/1651) 5 kappa statistic 8% (124/1651) L 4 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ18.183) The outcomes of three novel interventions are investigated and the preliminary results are depicted in Figure A. Which of the following statements is most accurate? QID: 213079 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 At 1 month, patients in group 1 are more likely to be alive than patients in group 2 and 3 3% (47/1542) 2 At 1 month, patients in group 3 are more likely to be alive than patients in group 1 and 2 91% (1407/1542) 3 At 2 weeks, patients in group 1 are more likely to be alive than patients in group 2 and 3 3% (39/1542) 4 At 2 weeks, patients in group 2 are more likely to be alive than patients in group 1 and 3 1% (11/1542) 5 The intervention rendered on patients in group 1 is the most cost-effective 1% (11/1542) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ18.186) Which of the following statistical tools is used to determine responsiveness? QID: 213082 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve 49% (890/1816) 2 Funnel plot 8% (140/1816) 3 Kaplan–Meier curve 21% (388/1816) 4 Cronbach alpha coefficient 12% (221/1816) 5 Forest plot 8% (152/1816) L 4 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ18.150) You are planning on performing a study to determine if there is a difference in healing rates for distal femur fractures by placing patients on Vitamin D after injury. With regards to your study, the statistician mentions a power analysis. What is the purpose of power analysis and when should it be performed? QID: 213046 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Determines the minimum number of patients that shows a clinically significant difference; prior to initiating the study 87% (1402/1611) 2 Determines the minimum number of patients that shows a clinically significant difference; after the study's completion 5% (86/1611) 3 Determines the maximum number of patients that shows a clinically significant difference; prior to initiating the study 2% (37/1611) 4 Determines the maximum number of patients that shows a clinically significant difference; during the study 1% (24/1611) 5 Determines the maximum number of patients that shows a clinically significant difference; after the study's completion 3% (45/1611) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ13.116) A prospective randomized trial is conducted to test the efficacy of Vitamin C versus placebo in treating patients who develop complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) after distal radius fractures. At first follow-up, the rates of CRPS are 1% and 9% in the study and placebo group, respectively. Which statistical test is most appropriate to determine significance? QID: 4751 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Single factor analysis of variance 6% (250/4499) 2 Chi-square test 51% (2306/4499) 3 Student t-test 39% (1777/4499) 4 Mann-Whitney rank sum test 2% (74/4499) 5 Wilcoxon rank sum test 1% (31/4499) L 4 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ13.126) A prospective, randomized controlled trial of 150 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty is performed to test whether repair of the capsule during a posterior approach reduces post-operative dislocations in the first three months. The study found no difference in dislocation rate if the capsule was repaired versus not repaired (p = .34). Subsequently, a multicenter follow-up study of 2000 patients showed that repairing the capsule led to a decreased dislocation rate in the first three months (p = .03). Assuming the second study reflects reality, which of the following errors occurred in the first study? QID: 4761 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Observer bias 2% (65/3302) 2 Type-II error 68% (2237/3302) 3 Alpha error 6% (212/3302) 4 Type-I error 20% (652/3302) 5 Confounding error 3% (102/3302) L 2 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ12.200) The ability of a study to detect the difference between two interventions if one in fact exists describes which of the following? QID: 4560 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Positive predictive value 12% (530/4576) 2 Hawthorne effect 2% (96/4576) 3 Effect size 2% (111/4576) 4 Power 66% (3040/4576) 5 P value 17% (761/4576) L 2 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ12.146) While conducting a retrospective review of patients undergoing two different techniques for open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures, the investigator would like to assess whether there is any significant difference between the mean patient age in the two groups. The two groups are normally distributed. Which of the following tests would be most appropriate? QID: 4506 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Student t-test 68% (2168/3211) 2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 12% (387/3211) 3 Fisher exact test 3% (112/3211) 4 Kruskal-Wallis test 1% (23/3211) 5 Chi-square test 15% (497/3211) L 3 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ11.219) Which of the following best describes a Bonferroni correction? QID: 3642 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 An analysis that starts with a particular probability of an event (the prior probability) and incorporates new information to generate a revised probability (a posterior probability) 17% (518/3008) 2 Human behavior that is changed when participants are aware that their behavior is being observed. 10% (286/3008) 3 Used to assess the relationship between two normally distributed continuous variables 5% (136/3008) 4 A post-hoc statistical correction made to P values when several dependent or independent statistical tests are being performed simultaneously on a single data set 65% (1959/3008) 5 The ability of a study to detect the difference between two interventions if one in fact exists 3% (81/3008) L 3 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ11.42) The sensitivity of a serologic assay is defined as which of the following? QID: 3465 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 True positives / (true positives + true negatives) 9% (160/1802) 2 False negatives / (false negatives + true positives) 2% (34/1802) 3 False positives / (false positives + false negatives) 1% (21/1802) 4 (True positives + false positives) / (true negatives + false negatives) 1% (24/1802) 5 True positives / (true positives + false negatives) 86% (1547/1802) L 1 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ10.207) The chi-square test is considered the most appropriate statistical test to analyze categorical data, but is unreliable if there are less than 5 events in any of the groups or the sum of all cells is less than 50. Which test is preferred in place of the chi-square test when these small sample sizes are encountered? QID: 3300 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Fisher exact test 58% (1742/3014) 2 Regression analysis 3% (93/3014) 3 Two-sample t-test 15% (452/3014) 4 Mann-Whitney test 11% (325/3014) 5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 13% (385/3014) L 3 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ10.43) The statistical power of a study is best defined by? QID: 3131 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 1 - probability of type-II (beta) error 72% (1427/1980) 2 True positive/(true positive + false negative) 3% (60/1980) 3 True negative/(false positive + true negative) 1% (19/1980) 4 1 - probability of type-I (alpha) error 20% (401/1980) 5 [True positive/(true positive + false negative)] / false-positive rate 3% (62/1980) L 2 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ10.153) A trial is peformed evaluating the use of ultrasound to diagnose meniscus tears in 100 athletes with knee pain. Figure A displays the data from the ultrasound examinations compared to the gold standard of arthroscopic diagnosis. The statistician calculates the following equation: 86/[86+4]= 95.5%. What statistical term does this equation best describe? QID: 3241 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Sensitivity 12% (414/3564) 2 Positive predictive value 7% (241/3564) 3 Specificity 57% (2049/3564) 4 Negative predictive value 23% (815/3564) 5 Likelihood ratio 1% (23/3564) L 3 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ09.185) The positive predictive value is defined as which of the following? QID: 2998 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 True positives / (true positives + true negatives) 12% (160/1285) 2 False negatives / (false negatives + true positives) 2% (23/1285) 3 False positives / (false positives + false negatives) 1% (15/1285) 4 (True positives + false positives) / (true negatives + false negatives) 3% (38/1285) 5 True positives / (true positives + false positives) 81% (1043/1285) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ09.125) What term in statistics defines accepting the null hypothesis when it is in fact not true? QID: 2938 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Type I error 30% (761/2514) 2 Type II error 65% (1646/2514) 3 Bias 2% (49/2514) 4 Negative predictive value 2% (40/2514) 5 Positive predictive value 0% (9/2514) L 3 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ08.218) Which of the following terms best describes the probability of finding a significant association in a research study when one truly exists? QID: 604 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Type-1 (alpha) error 9% (78/854) 2 Type-2 (beta) error 7% (60/854) 3 Power 66% (564/854) 4 Alpha level 15% (127/854) 5 Relative Risk 2% (20/854) L 2 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ08.71) The estimated range of values which likely includes the unknown parameter under investigation is defined as which of the following? QID: 457 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Standard deviation 10% (100/990) 2 Mode 1% (12/990) 3 Variance 7% (71/990) 4 Confidence interval 81% (801/990) 5 Incidence 0% (3/990) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ08.74) What is the equation for determining specificity of a clinical test? QID: 460 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 True negatives divided by the sum of the true negatives and false positives 61% (598/973) 2 True negatives divided by the sum of the true negatives and false negatives 13% (128/973) 3 True positives divided by the sum of the true negatives and false positives 4% (37/973) 4 True positives divided by the sum of the true positives and false negatives 12% (119/973) 5 True positives divided by the sum of the true positives and false positives 9% (84/973) L 3 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ06.50) The definition of effect size is best described as which of the following? QID: 161 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Likelihood that a statistically significant difference would be found between 2 groups given that a difference truly did exist 12% (182/1510) 2 Estimated magnitude of the difference in the means between two groups 60% (910/1510) 3 Average of the squares of each value's deviation from the mean 3% (45/1510) 4 Range within which it is probable that the true value lies for the whole population of patients 16% (247/1510) 5 Probability of obtaining a result equal to or more extreme than what was actually observed assuming the null hypothesis is true 7% (111/1510) L 3 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ05.18) Which of the following defines the incidence of a disease? QID: 55 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 The total number of cases of a disease in a city 1% (12/883) 2 The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed during a specific time period 90% (799/883) 3 The average number of cases of a disease per year over the last 10 years 1% (11/883) 4 The number of existing cases of a disease divided by total population in a city 6% (56/883) 5 The variability in the total number of disease cases between major US cities 0% (1/883) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ05.188) A prospective cohort study is performed looking at the relationship between blood transfusions and the risk of developing hepatitis C. In the transfused group (study group) of 595 patients, 75 patients develop hepatitis C. In the non-transfused group (control group) of 712 people, 16 people contract hepatitis C. What is the relative risk of developing hepatitis C with a transfusion. QID: 1074 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Incidence of study group (75/595) divided by incidence of control group (16/712) 78% (1111/1429) 2 Incidence of study group (16/595) divided by incidence of control group (75/712) 4% (61/1429) 3 Prevalence of study group (75/595) divided by prevalence of control group (16/712) 14% (199/1429) 4 Prevalence of study group (16/595) divided by prevalence of control group (75/712) 1% (17/1429) 5 Total infected (75+16) divided by total population in study (595+712) 2% (31/1429) L 2 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ04.125) The paired Student's t-test is most appropriately used for which of the following? QID: 1230 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Determining if the medians are equal in two observed samples 7% (66/882) 2 Discerning differences among a group of more than two means 9% (75/882) 3 Illustrating an actuarial method of survival rates 1% (12/882) 4 Refining a correlation coefficient among outlying observations 2% (16/882) 5 Evaluating the difference between two observed means in matched groups 80% (709/882) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic
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