| Introduction |
- Main types of cartilage include
- hyaline or articular cartilage
- fibrocartilage (at tendon and ligament insertion into bone)
- elastic cartilage (trachea)
- fibroelastic cartilage (meniscus)
- Cartilage is made up of
- cells (chondrocytes)
- extracellular matrix
- water
- collagen
- proteoglycans
- noncollagenous proteins
- Cartilage is formed from mesenchymal stem cells designated towards the cartilagenous lineage
- Multi-step process involving activation and migration of cells to necessary sites
- SOX-9 is a key transcription factor involved in the differentiation of cells towards the cartilage lineage
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| Articular Cartilage |
- Articular cartilage
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| Fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage) |
- Fibrous cartilage is the healing response to injury of articular cartilage including
- chondroplasty
- microfracture
- drilling
- abrasion arthroplasty
- Composition of fibrous cartilage
- extracellular matrix
- Type I collagen
- proteoglycans
- water
- cells (
- chondrocytes)
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Please Rate Educational Value!
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Average 2.0 of 3 Ratings
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Qbank (1 Questions)
TAG
(OBQ07.250)
SOX-9 is a key transcription factor involved in the differentiation of which of the following cell lineages?
Review Topic
DISCUSSION:
SOX-9 is considered a “master switch” for the differentiation of cells of chondrocytic lineage. As described in the review by Hoffman et al, SOX-9 binds to a critical consensus sequence in the collagen 2 (Col2) promoter to activate its transcription. Formation of the cartilage template involves a multi-step process in which prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells form condensations prior to differentiating into matrix-producing chondroblasts. Retinoids, particularly retinoic acid, are among the numerous signaling molecules that have been implicated in this process. Efforts aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which expression of retinoic acid receptor attenuates chondroblast differentiation led to the discovery of the transcriptional activity of SOX-9.
REFERENCES:
1.
Hoffman LM, Weston AD, Underhill TM. Molecular mechanisms regulating chondroblast differentiation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A Suppl 2:124-32. Review.
PMID:12721355 (Link to Abstract)
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Please Rate Educational Value!
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2.0
q-911
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Average 2.0 of 11 Ratings
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Level of Evidence 5 and Other Journal Articles (includes Case Reports, Expert Opinions,
Personal Observations, and Biomechanic Studies)
-
Hoffman LM, Weston AD, Underhill TM. Molecular mechanisms regulating chondroblast differentiation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A Suppl 2:124-32. Review.
PMID:12721355 (Link to Abstract)
Textbooks
- Review of Orthopaedics, 6th Edition, Mark D. Miller MD, Stephen R. Thompson MBBS MEd FRCSC, Jennifer Hart MPAS PA-C ATC, an imprint of Elsevier, Philadelphia, Copyright 2012
- AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review, Jay R. Leiberman. Published by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2009
- Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 10, John M Flyn. Published by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2011
- Hoppenfeld SP. Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics: The Anatomic Approach. Lipponcott, Williams, and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, Copyright 2009
- Orthopaedic In-training Examination (OITE) Questions 2004-2012, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2004-2012
- Self-Assessment Examination (SAE) Questions 2004-2012, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2004-2012
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