Summary Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries are characterized by attenuation or rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow leading to valgus instability in overhead throwing athletes. Diagnosis is usually made by a combination of physical exam and MRI studies. Treatment for most individuals is rest and physical therapy. Surgery is reserved for high level overhead athletes such as pitchers. Epidemiology Incidence literature shows increasing occurrence of UCL injuries and reconstructions becoming more common among high school and amateur pitchers Demographics overhead athletes who place significant valgus stress on their elbows originally described among javelin throwers, now much more common in baseball pitchers relatively uncommon in skeletally immature throwing athletes little leaguers' elbow more common cause of medial elbow pain with decreased throwing effectiveness and distance Risk factors exceeding youth baseball pitch count and inning restrictions higher pitch velocity deficits along kinetic chain (shoulder and core weakness, loss of shoulder motion, etc.) Etiology Pathophysiology mechanism of injury acute trauma often associated with elbow dislocations overuse injury biomechanical forces microtrauma from repetitive valgus stress leads to rupture of the anterior band of the medial UCL baseball pitchers place significant valgus stress on the elbow in the late cocking and early acceleration phase of throwing elbow valgus load increases with poor throwing mechanics and decreases with trunk-scapular kinesis, forearm pronation, dynamic flexor-pronator stabilization valgus load is highest in the late cocking/acceleration phase of throwing iatrogenic excessive olecranon osteophyte resection places the MCL at risk Associated conditions traction-related ulnar neuritis olecranon (posteromedial) impingement elbow arthritis Anatomy Osseous elbow is complex hinge composed of ulnohumeral, radiocapitellar, and radioulnar joints valgus carrying angle ranging from 6 to 11 degrees Ligaments medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) divided into three components anterior oblique ligament strongest and most significant stabilizer to valgus stress courses from anteroinferior ridge on medial epicondyle to 2.8 mm distal to the ulna articular margin on the sublime tubercle mean length of 54 mm subdivides into anterior and posterior bands. anterior band is primary restraint to valgus stress, exhibiting nearly isometric strain during elbow ROM posterior band exhibits increasing strain during higher degrees of elbow flexion posterior oblique ligament (posterior bundle) demonstrates the greatest change in tension from flexion to extension tighter in flexion transverse ligament no contribution to stability Biomechanics elbow stability evenly split between osseous and soft tissue structures UCL primary restraint to valgus stress from 30 to 120 degrees of flexion flexor-pronator and joint capsule also contribute Presentation History acute injuries may present with a "pop" associated with pain and difficulty throwing Symptoms decreased throwing performance loss of velocity loss of control and accuracy pain medial or posterior elbow pain during late cocking and acceleration phases of throwing many throwers also have posteromedial pain due to valgus extension overload felt during the deceleration phase ulnar nerve symptoms paresthesias down ulnar arm into ring and small fingers Physical examination inspection tenderness along elbow at or near MCL origin posteromedial tenderness may be due to valgus extension overload evaluate the integrity of the flexor-pronator mass evaluate for presence of palmaris longus tendon range of motion seasoned throwers may lack full extension evaluate shoulder and rest of kinetic chain neurovascular evaluate for ulnar neuropathy and/or subluxation provocative tests valgus stress test flex elbow to 20 to 30 degrees (unlocks the olecranon), externally rotate the humerus, and apply valgus stress 50% sensitive milking maneuver creates valgus stress by pulling on the patient's thumb with the forearm supinated and elbow flexed at 90 degrees patient may be supine or seated/standing positive test is a subjective apprehension, instability, or pain at the MCL origin moving valgus stress test place elbow in same position as the "milking maneuver" and apply a valgus stress while the elbow is ranged through the full arc of flexion and extension positive test is a subjective apprehension, instability, or pain at the MCL origin between 70 and 120 degrees 100% sensitive and 75% specific Imaging Radiographs recommended views AP and lateral of the elbow static x-rays are often normal may show loose bodies or calcifications of UCL optional views oblique views to evaluate the olecranon gravity or manual stress radiographs of both elbows may show medial joint-line opening >3 mm (diagnostic) findings assess for a posteromedial osteophyte (due to valgus extension overload) MRI indications high suspicion for UCL injury and/or intra-articular pathology MR-arthrogram - diagnostic use of dye more accurate sensitivity 92%, specificity 100% findings thickened ligament (chronic injury), calcifications, and tears midsubtance tears or proximal/distal avulsions full-thickness or partial undersurface tears capsular "T-sign" with contrast extravasation Dynamic ultrasound can evaluate laxity with valgus stress dynamically sensitivity and specificity operator dependent Differential Medial epicondylitis Flexor-pronator strain Ulnar neuropathy Valgus extension overload Treatment Nonoperative rest and physical therapy indications first line treatment in most cases partial tears outcomes 42% return to preinjury level of sporting activity at an average of 24 weeks Operative UCL anterior band ligament reconstruction (Tommy John Surgery) indications high-level throwers that want to continue competitive sports failed nonoperative management in partial tears and willing to undergo extensive rehabilitation outcomes 90% return to preinjury levels of throwing with newer reconstruction techniques humeral docking associated with better patient outcomes and lower complication rate compared to figure-of-8 fixation humeral docking has shown higher rates of return to sport compared to Jobe and modified Jobe techniques humeral docking and cortical button techniques are biomechanically stronger than figure-of-8 and interference screw fixation humeral docking with interference screw fixation on the ulnar side showed 95% strength of the native UCL UCL repair indications not clarified in the literature mostly performed in young athletes with avulsion-type tear patterns outcomes originally performed with poor results, replaced by reconstruction multiple, recent case series show promising results with novel, augmented techniques Techniques Rest and physical therapy technique 6 weeks of cessation from throwing initiate physical therapy for flexor-pronator strengthening and improving throwing mechanics (after 6 weeks and symptoms/pain have resolved) progressive return to throwing program UCL anterior band ligament reconstruction overview various modifications of original Jobe technique exist all create an anatomic reconstruction of the native ligament from medial epicondyle to ulnar sublime tubercle none are stronger than native ligament approach flexor-pronator muscle-splitting approach (decreased morbidity of historic flexor-pronator mass detachment) some surgeons elevate flexor-pronator mass when perfomring modified Jobe technique in-situ ulnar nerve decompression patients without pre-operative ulnar nerve symptoms should not undergo routine ulnar nerve decompression or transposition patients with pre-operative ulnar nerve symptoms may be treated with isolated ulnar nerve decompression with or without transposition patients with ulnar nerve subluxation should be treated with ulnar nerve transposition UCL and joint capsule identified, ligament repaired in side-to-side fashion soft tissue palmaris longus autograft most common graft (gracilis autograft or allograft also options) single, distal transverse incision centered over palmaris tendon identified and tagged with suture, underlying median nerve protected tendon followed proximally with additional incision made centered over tendon confirming enough length obtained, tendon harvested, and wounds closed bony work and reconstruction modified Jobe technique two connected bone tunnels made in medial epicondyle of humerus in "Y" configuration single bone tunnel created by connecting two angled drill holes in ulnar sublime tubercle alternatively, commercially available drill guides may be used graft passed through ulnar tunnel, then graft ends through humeral tunnels graft sutured to itself in figure-of-8 configuration extra strands may be added if graft accommodates this docking technique single bony socket made in medial epicondyle single bone tunnel created by connecting two angled drill holes in ulnar sublime tubercle graft passed through ulnar tunnel, suture limbs passed through two bone punctures, graft shuttled into humeral socket graft suture ends tied over bony bridge on medial epicondyle hybrid interference-screw technique docking tunnel/socket made on the humerus single longitudinal bone socket made into ulna with interference-screw fixation felt to decrease risk of iatrogenic fracture cortical suspensory fixation, ex. "Endo-button" (Smith & Nephew) reconstruction used on ulna to stabilize graft more commonly used in revision setting postoperative care early early active wrist, elbow, and shoulder range of motion incorporation of shoulder girdle, core, and hip strengthening exercises strengthening exercises beginning four to six weeks post-op mid-term initiate a progressive throwing program at four months avoid valgus stress until 4 months post-op return to competitive throwing at 9-12 months post-op UCL repair approach as above soft tissue ulnar nerve in-situ release or transposition ligament dissected and avulsion identified bony work ligament sutured and secured to either humerus or ulna with suture anchor repair can be augmented with high-strength suture postoperative care similar to UCL reconstruction Complications Ulnar neurapraxia most common, 3-26% incidence treatment observation as majority resolve within a few months Medial antebrachial cutaneous (MABC) nerve injury crosses at distal aspect of the incision Fracture of ulna or medial epicondyle risk factors small bone bridge during tunnel placement treatment may require internal fixation of fracture, or switch to larger graft fixation device Elbow stiffness risk factors heterotopic ossification treatment early directed therapy focusing on obtaining motion HO excision around 6 months, if present Inability to regain preinjury level throwing ability more common following revision reconstructions Prognosis Formerly a career-ending injury UCL reconstruction provides high rates of return to throwing and sport worse outcomes following revision reconstructions Outcomes and return to sport following surgical MUCL reconstruction (Tommy John surgery) depend on precise recreation of the MUCL and diligent rehabilitation.
Technique Guide CPT Codes: 24346 Reconstruction medial collateral ligament, elbow, with tendon graft (includes harvesting of graft) Technique guides are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including ABOS, EBOT and RC. Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction with Palmaris Longus Graft Brandon Erickson American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder & Elbow - Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
QUESTIONS 1 of 36 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ18.226) A minor league baseball player presents with deteriorating pitch velocity and control in addition to worsening elbow soreness. His MRI is shown in Figure A and based on this he decides to proceed with surgery. Which of the following medial ulnar collateral reconstruction techniques would give this athlete the best chance to return to sport? QID: 213122 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Modified Jobe technique and ulnar nerve submuscular transposition 20% (414/2097) 2 Classic Jobe technique and ulnar nerve in situ release 11% (227/2097) 3 Classic Jobe technique and ulnar nerve transposition 6% (122/2097) 4 Docking technique and ulnar nerve in situ release 60% (1256/2097) 5 Modified Jobe technique and medial epicondylectomy 2% (50/2097) N/A Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ18.225) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the anatomy and kinematics of the elbow medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL)? QID: 213121 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Anterior band of the anterior bundle exhibits an isometric strain pattern through elbow range of motion (ROM) 56% (1228/2189) 2 Anterior band of the anterior bundle exhibits an isokinetic strain pattern through elbow ROM 10% (223/2189) 3 Posterior band of the anterior bundle exhibits an isometric strain pattern through elbow ROM 19% (412/2189) 4 Posterior band of the anterior bundle exhibits an isokinetic strain pattern through elbow ROM 4% (88/2189) 5 Anterior band of the posterior bundle exhibits an isometric strain pattern through elbow ROM 9% (203/2189) N/A Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ18.102) A 21-year-old college baseball pitcher presents with right elbow pain. He reports that his pitching velocity and accuracy has been decreasing. On physical exam, he has a positive moving valgus stress test. His lateral radiograph is shown in Figure A. Which of the structures in Figure B is likely injured? QID: 212998 FIGURES: A B Type & Select Correct Answer 1 A 0% (8/2479) 2 B 7% (162/2479) 3 C 85% (2116/2479) 4 D 4% (87/2479) 5 E 3% (86/2479) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ18.114) A collegiate javelin thrower presents complaining of medial elbow pain that is affecting her performance. Her imaging is seeing Figure A. Which ligament is likely affected, what arc of motion does it contribute stability, and where does it insert anatomically? QID: 213010 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Anterior oblique bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament, 30-120 degrees of flexion, sublime tubercle 84% (2235/2659) 2 Posterior oblique bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament, greater than 90 degrees of flexion, sigmoid notch 2% (50/2659) 3 Posterior oblique bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament, 30-120 degrees of flexion, sublime tubercle 6% (153/2659) 4 Anterior oblique bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament, greater than 90 degrees of flexion, sigmoid notch 2% (64/2659) 5 Anterior oblique bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament, 0 degrees of flexion, sublime tubercle 5% (128/2659) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (SBQ16SM.12) A 28-year-old Olympic water polo athlete complains of vague medial sided elbow pain that has progressively worsened with a noticeable loss of velocity on his shot. Which of the following correctly matches the throwing phase (Figure A) with the injured structure on the MRI (Figure B). QID: 211238 FIGURES: A B C Type & Select Correct Answer 1 B and 2 4% (81/2010) 2 C and 2 83% (1669/2010) 3 B and 3 1% (25/2010) 4 D and 1 5% (109/2010) 5 C and 3 5% (105/2010) L 3 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ14.101) A 31-year-old right handed pitcher felt a pop in his throwing elbow during a game. He is diagnosed with a rupture to the medial ulnar collateral ligament complex of the elbow. During which phase of the overhead throwing cycle did this pitcher most likely sustain his injury? QID: 5511 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Wind-up 1% (37/7048) 2 Early cocking 8% (575/7048) 3 Early acceleration 84% (5920/7048) 4 Ball release 4% (269/7048) 5 Follow-through 2% (142/7048) L 2 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ13.158) A 28-year-old professional baseball pitcher sustains a complete rupture of his ulnar collateral ligament. He is neurovascularly intact on exam. Which of the following surgical reconstruction techniques has been shown to result in the lowest complication rate and best patient outcome? QID: 4793 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Splitting of flexor-pronator mass, figure-of-8 graft fixation. 12% (569/4822) 2 Splitting of flexor-pronator mass, docking graft fixation. 54% (2619/4822) 3 Splitting of flexor-pronator mass, docking graft fixation, ulnar nerve transposition. 23% (1101/4822) 4 Detachment of flexor-pronator mass, figure-of-8 graft fixation, ulnar nerve transposition. 6% (289/4822) 5 Detachment of flexor-pronator mass, docking graft fixation, ulnar nerve transposition. 3% (158/4822) L 5 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ12.86) A 19-year-old male complained of right elbow pain 4 months ago after pitching in a collegiate baseball game. He underwent a period of rest and forearm strengthening and now has recurrence of pain during a throwing interval program. A MRI is shown in Figure A. What is the next most appropriate step in management? QID: 4446 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Open ECRB tendon release and removal of the diseased tendon with repair of the tendon remnant 3% (197/6107) 2 Arthroscopic debridement of lesion and osteotochondral autograft transplant from ipsilateral knee 2% (141/6107) 3 Excision of the diseased tendon and reattachment of the origin of the flexor-pronator muscle group to the medial epicondyle 7% (413/6107) 4 Open reconstruction of the ligament using ipsilateral palmaris longus tendon 83% (5041/6107) 5 Diagnostic elbow arthroscopy, removal of posteromedial olecranon osteophytes and débridement of chondromalacia 4% (266/6107) L 2 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ10.212) A 22-year-old collegiate pitcher sustains a medial collateral ligament (MCL) rupture of his throwing elbow requiring surgical reconstruction. Anatomic restoration of the MCL is desired to maximize function. Which of the following best describes the kinematics of the native MCL? QID: 3305 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Anterior bundle becomes tight in flexion and lax in extension 16% (707/4308) 2 The posterior bundle demonstrates the greatest change in tension from flexion to extension 59% (2545/4308) 3 Posterior bundle becomes lax in flexion and tight in extension 7% (313/4308) 4 Posterior bundle is isometric 4% (177/4308) 5 The posterior bundle is isometric, but the anterior is not 13% (541/4308) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ10.216) A 25-year-old professional baseball pitcher complains of medial elbow pain during the early acceleration phase of throwing. He has lost 10 mph on his fastball. Radiographs of the elbow are provided in Figure A. EMG studies demonstrate no entrapment of the ulnar nerve. Which of the following physical exam maneuvers will most strongly confirm the correct diagnosis? QID: 3309 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Evaluating for pain with resisted wrist flexion 4% (153/4063) 2 Testing for Froment's sign 2% (63/4063) 3 Evaluating for pain with Hawkins impingement test 1% (36/4063) 4 Evaluating for pain with moving valgus stress test 89% (3627/4063) 5 Performing the lateral pivot shift test 4% (153/4063) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ09.105) All of the following protect the elbow from valgus loads during the throwing cycle EXCEPT? QID: 2918 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Flexor-pronator muscle contraction 5% (70/1433) 2 Reduced fastball velocity 12% (168/1433) 3 Increased glenohumeral internal rotation torque 55% (792/1433) 4 Forearm pronation 10% (150/1433) 5 Scapular protraction/retraction 16% (235/1433) L 3 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ08.247) The greatest stress on the medial ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow occurs during which phase of throwing? QID: 633 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Wind-up 1% (20/2242) 2 Early cocking 7% (155/2242) 3 Late cocking 84% (1883/2242) 4 Ball release 6% (125/2242) 5 Follow through 2% (46/2242) L 1 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ08.242) Which of the following is the primary stabilizer to resist valgus stress in mid-flexion of the elbow? QID: 628 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Ulno-humeral articulation 3% (37/1428) 2 Radio-capitellar articulation 5% (70/1428) 3 Anterior oblique ligament of the medial ulnar collateral ligament 76% (1086/1428) 4 Posterior oblique ligament of the medial ulnar collateral ligament 15% (217/1428) 5 Flexor-pronator muscle mass 1% (11/1428) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ07.119) During which phase of the overhead throwing cycle is a baseball pitcher most likely to rupture the medial ulnar collateral ligament complex of the elbow? QID: 780 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Follow-through 4% (49/1368) 2 Ball release 5% (73/1368) 3 Early acceleration 77% (1060/1368) 4 Early cocking 11% (153/1368) 5 Wind-up 2% (22/1368) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic
All Videos (53) Podcasts (2) Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos Case Presentations and Panel Discussion with Q&A - Christopher S. Ahmad, MD Christopher S. Ahmad Shoulder & Elbow - Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury 1 week ago 15 views 0.0 (0) Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2022 Baseball Sports Medicine: Game-Changing Concepts Rehabilitation and Throwing Programs Following UCL Surgery - David Colvin, PT David Colvin Shoulder & Elbow - Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury 1 week ago 6 views 0.0 (0) Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2022 Baseball Sports Medicine: Game-Changing Concepts Augmented UCL Repair - Jeff Dugas, MD Anonymous Person Shoulder & Elbow - Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury 1 week ago 8 views 0.0 (0) Shoulder & Elbow⎪Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Shoulder & Elbow - Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Listen Now 22:40 min 11/8/2019 302 plays 4.0 (2) Question Session⎪Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury & Tibial Plafond Fractures Orthobullets Team Shoulder & Elbow - Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Listen Now 21:49 min 11/18/2019 137 plays 0.0 (0) See More See Less
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