Introduction Goal is to obtain a gap that is equal in flexion and extension. This will ensure that the tibial insert is stable throughout the arc of motion. balancing is complex due to two radii of curvatures (patellofemoral articulation and tibiofemoral articulation) often requires soft tissue release and bony resection to obtain balance General Rules adjust femur if asymmetric distal femur cut affects extension gap posterior femur cut affects flexion gap adjust tibia if problem is symmetric (same in both flexion and extension) tibia cut affects both flexion and extension gap remember increasing/decreasing the size of the femoral component only changes the AP diameter and therefore affects the flexion gap only. Evaluation & Treatment The following chart shows different conditions found with the trials in place and the treatment strategy for each condition. Tight in Flexion(can not fully flex) Balanced in Flexion Loose in Flexion(large drawer test) Tight in Extension (can not fully extend) Tight in Extension, Tight in FlexionProblem: Did not cut enough tibia Solution: Cut more proximal tibia Tight in Extension, Balanced in Flexion Problem: Did not cut enough distal femur or did not release enough posterior capsule Solution: 1) Release posterior capsule 2) Cut more distal femur Tight in Extension, Loose in Flexion Problem: Distal femur too long. Solution: 1) Resect more distal femur or use thinner distal femoral augmentation wedge (revision scenario)2) Upsize femoral component Balanced in Extension Balanced in Extension, Tight in Flexion Problem: Did not cut enough posterior femur, PCL scarred and too tight. Solution: 1) Decrease femoral component size which required an increase in resection of the posterior femoral condyle Recess vs. release of PCL Release posterior capsule Decrease femoral component size which required an increase in resection of the posterior femoral condyle 2) Recess vs. release of PCL 3) Release posterior capsule Solution: 1) Decrease femoral component size which required an increase in resection of the posterior femoral condyle 2) Recess vs release of PCL 3) Release posterior capsule 4) Recut proximal tibia with increased slope Balanced in extension, Balanced in Flexion (Perfect) Balanced in Extension, Loose in Flexion Problem: Cut too much posterior femur. Solution:1) Increase size of femoral component (AP only) 2) Posteriorize femoral component (augment posterior femur). Loose in Extension (recurvatum) Loose in Extension, Tight in Flexion Solution: 1) Downsize femur and use thicker tibial insert until balanced. Loose in Extension, Balanced in Flexion Problem: Cut too much distal femur.Solution: 1) Augment distal femur Loose in Extension, Loose in Flexion Problem: Cut too much tibia.Solution: 1) Use thicker tibia PE 2) Add medial & lateral metal augments to tibial tray
Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. TKA - Parapatellar Approach Derek Bernstein Stephen Incavo Recon - High Tibial Osteotomy Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. TKA - Varus Knee with Anterior Referencing and Gap Balancing Technique Derek Bernstein Stephen Incavo Recon - TKA Axial Alignment Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. TKA with Computer Navigation & Sensor-Guided Assessment for Soft Tissue Balancing - Dr. William Gall William Gallivan Recon - TKA Axial Alignment
QUESTIONS 1 of 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ10.248) When performing a total knee arthroplasty using intramedullary referencing, the knee is stable at full extension, but it will not flex past 90 degrees. Which of the following adjustments can achieve satisfactory range of motion and stability in flexion and extension? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 3347 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Downsizing the tibial insert 3% (139/4010) 2 Placing posterior femoral augments 1% (38/4010) 3 Resecting more distal femur 7% (277/4010) 4 Downsizing the femoral component 88% (3527/4010) 5 Performing a medial tibial reduction osteotomy 0% (17/4010) L 1 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ09.184) All of the following are intraoperative techniques to treat a flexion contracture in total knee arthroplasty EXCEPT: Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 2997 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Resect osteophytes 3% (78/2688) 2 Release posterior capsule 2% (42/2688) 3 Resect more distal femur 25% (665/2688) 4 Downsize the femoral component 48% (1294/2688) 5 Tenotomize the hamstrings 22% (596/2688) L 4 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ09.57) After insertion of the trial components in a total knee replacement, the surgeon finds that he is unable to fully extend the knee and that the tibial tray lifts-off when the knee is flexed past 90 degrees. What intervention should be taken to achieve a knee that is balanced in flexion and extension? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 2870 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Augment the distal femur 1% (21/3474) 2 Resect more distal femur 9% (310/3474) 3 Resect more proximal tibia 85% (2941/3474) 4 Downsize the femoral component 5% (179/3474) 5 Increase polyethylene liner thickness 0% (16/3474) L 2 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ09.153) While performing a revision total knee arthroplasty, the surgeon decides to upsize the femoral component with use of posterior femoral augments. Which of the following intraoperative exam findings would have led to this decision? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 2966 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 A knee that is balanced in extension and tight in flexion. 1% (29/2215) 2 A knee that is balanced in extension and loose in flexion. 92% (2043/2215) 3 A knee that is tight in extension and tight in flexion. 1% (13/2215) 4 A knee that is loose in extension and loose in flexion. 3% (67/2215) 5 A knee that is loose in extension and balanced in flexion. 2% (55/2215) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ08.208) A patient comes to the office with a flexion contracture following a total knee arthroplasty that has resulted in an unsatisfactory outcome. Intraoperative examination also reveals the knee is loose in flexion. What steps should be included in the revision surgery? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 594 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Increase the polyethylene liner thickness 4% (137/3857) 2 Resect additional tibia 2% (61/3857) 3 Anteriorly translate the femoral component and decrease polyethylene thickness 3% (111/3857) 4 Resect additional distal femur and tibia 0% (18/3857) 5 Resect additional distal femur and upsize the femoral component 91% (3504/3857) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ08.202) During total knee arthroplasty, an excessive posterior femoral resection will lead to which of the following scenarios? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 588 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Loose extension and flexion gaps 1% (28/3549) 2 Loose extension gap 2% (83/3549) 3 Loose flexion gap 96% (3392/3549) 4 Tight flexion gap 1% (20/3549) 5 Tight extension gap 0% (9/3549) L 1 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway This is an AAOS Self Assessment Exam (SAE) question. Orthobullets was not involved in the editorial process and does not have the ability to alter the question. If you prefer to hide SAE questions, simply turn them off in your Learning Goals. (SAE07HK.57) A 78-year-old patient undergoing revision total knee arthroplasty has bone loss throughout the knee at the time of revision. A distal femoral augment is used to restore the joint line. One month after surgery, the patient reports pain and is unable to ambulate. A lateral radiograph is shown in Figure 34. What is the most likely etiology of this problem? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 6017 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Inadequate restoration of the joint line 8% (16/209) 2 Patellar tendon rupture 4% (8/209) 3 Excessive internal rotation of the tibial component 1% (2/209) 4 Flexion gap instability 74% (154/209) 5 Hyperextension of the femoral component 12% (26/209) N/A Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway This is an AAOS Self Assessment Exam (SAE) question. Orthobullets was not involved in the editorial process and does not have the ability to alter the question. If you prefer to hide SAE questions, simply turn them off in your Learning Goals. (SAE07HK.81) After trial placement of components in a primary total knee arthroplasty, the knee is unable to come to full extension, but the flexion gap is appropriately balanced. After adequate soft-tissue releases have been performed, what is the next most appropriate action to balance the reconstruction? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 6041 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Use a larger femoral component 0% (0/288) 2 Use a thinner polyethylene insert 3% (8/288) 3 Add posterior femoral augments 0% (1/288) 4 Resect more proximal tibia 3% (9/288) 5 Resect additional distal femur 94% (270/288) L 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway This is an AAOS Self Assessment Exam (SAE) question. Orthobullets was not involved in the editorial process and does not have the ability to alter the question. If you prefer to hide SAE questions, simply turn them off in your Learning Goals. (SAE07HK.20) A 63-year-old woman reports giving way of the knee and pain after undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) 1 year ago. Examination reveals that the knee is stable in full extension but has gross anteroposterior instability at 90 degrees of flexion. The patient can fully extend her knee with normal quadriceps strength. Studies for infection are negative. AP and lateral radiographs are shown in Figures 12a and 12b, respectively. What is the appropriate management? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 5980 FIGURES: A B Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Anti-inflammatory drugs 0% (3/882) 2 Knee brace 1% (12/882) 3 Physical therapy for quadriceps strengthening 2% (15/882) 4 Revision to a thicker polyethylene insert 6% (50/882) 5 Revision to a larger, posterior stabilized implant 90% (795/882) L 1 Question Complexity E Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ07.247) While trialing components during a routine total knee arthroplasty, the flexion gap is felt to be loose and the extension gap is stable. Which of the following are possible ways to treat this intraoperative instability? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 908 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Move the femoral component posterior 85% (1250/1475) 2 Increase the size of the polyethylene component 4% (62/1475) 3 Downsize the femoral component 2% (34/1475) 4 Move the femoral component anterior and augment the distal femur 8% (112/1475) 5 Externally rotate both the femoral component and tibial components 0% (5/1475) L 2 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ07.195) A 62-year-old man undergoes total knee arthroplasty. Preoperative radiographs are shown in Figure A. Following bone resections and placement of trial implants, the knee is stable in flexion, but cannot achieve full extension. Which of the following interventions will most likely result in a knee that is balanced in flexion and extension? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 856 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Resect more distal femur 92% (1792/1950) 2 Resect more distal femur and downsize the femoral component 3% (58/1950) 3 Resect more proximal tibia 3% (53/1950) 4 Decrease polyethelene liner thickness 2% (35/1950) 5 Place posterior femoral augments 0% (8/1950) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ07.190) During total knee replacement with the trial components in place, the knee achieves full extension but experiences tightness in flexion with a range to only 90 degrees. What is the most appropriate action? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 851 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Resect more proximal tibia 2% (31/1366) 2 Downsize the femoral component 87% (1191/1366) 3 Addition of a distal femoral augment 1% (16/1366) 4 Downsize the tibial polyethylene insert 4% (55/1366) 5 Resect more distal femur 5% (64/1366) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ06.165) During trialing for a cruciate-sacrificing total knee arthroplasty, the surgeon notes an imbalance between the flexion and extension gaps with significant flexion instability. The extension gap is well balanced. Which of the following options is the best intra-operative solution? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 351 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Downsize the femoral component 2% (56/2420) 2 Downsize the tibial component 0% (9/2420) 3 Upsize the femoral component and add posterior augments 94% (2284/2420) 4 Upsize the tibial component 1% (33/2420) 5 Move the femoral component more anteriorly 1% (27/2420) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ06.171) During trialing for a cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasty, the surgeon is unable to fully extend the knee and is left with a 15 degree flexion contracture. The flexion gap is well balanced. Which of the following options will create a knee that is balanced in both flexion and extension? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 357 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Recess the PCL 5% (114/2417) 2 Increase the tibial slope 2% (44/2417) 3 Decrease the size of the femoral component 3% (84/2417) 4 Resect more distal femur 86% (2087/2417) 5 Resect more proximal tibia 3% (81/2417) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ05.223) A 62-year-old woman is undergoing a revision total knee arthroplasty for aseptic component loosening. The surgeon has all the trial components in place and recognizes that the soft tissues are balanced in the coronal plane, but the knee is 10 degrees from reaching full extension. He proceeds to correct the contracture by making an additional 2mm cut off of the tibia and is successful in achieving full extension. What is the most likely effect of this additional resection? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 1109 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Loss of full flexion 1% (12/1225) 2 Flexion instability 93% (1138/1225) 3 Extension instability 5% (56/1225) 4 Valgus instability 1% (7/1225) 5 Varus instability 0% (3/1225) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ04.182) During a primary total knee arthroplasty, trial of components demonstrates a knee that is balanced in flexion and loose in extension. Which of the following will balance the flexion and extension gap? Review Topic | Tested Concept QID: 1287 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Distal femur resection only 2% (39/2533) 2 Distal femur augmentation and use of the same size polyethylene 90% (2278/2533) 3 Downsize femoral component and use a thinner polyethylene insert 1% (31/2533) 4 Proximal tibia resection only 1% (20/2533) 5 Distal femur augmentation and thicker polyethylene insert 6% (147/2533) L 1 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2
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