Updated: 2/3/2023

Liposarcoma

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  • summary
    • Liposarcomas are a heterogeneous class of sarcomas with differentiation towards adipose tissue that consist of 5 different sub-types: well-differentiated, myxoid, round cell, pleomorphic, and dedifferentiated.
    • The condition is typically seen in patients 50-80 years of age who present with a slow-growing, painless mass.
    • Diagnosis is made with a biopsy showing immature lipoblasts with various cellular atypia depending on the sub-type. 
    • Treatment may be marginal excision for a well-differentiated liposarcoma. Wide surgical resection with radiation is indicated for intermediate and high-grade liposarcomas.
  • Epidemiology
    • Incidence
      • liposarcomas are the second most common form of soft tissue sarcomas in adults
    • Demographics
      • occur in older individuals (50-80yrs)
      • affect more males than females
    • Anatomic location
      • tend to occur deep to fascia
      • more common in lower extremity than upper extremity
      • common in retroperitoneum
  • Etiology
    • Pathophysiology
      • the lipoblast (signet ring-type cell) is a hallmark of liposarcomas
    • Genetics
      • well-differentiated liposarcoma - amplification (MDM2)
      • myxoid liposarcoma - translocation (12;16)
    • Malignant potential
      • metastasis risk correlates with grade/sub-type of liposarcoma
        • low grade (well-differentiated) has a metastasis rate of < 1%
        • intermediate grade (myxoid) has a metastasis rate of 10-30%
        • high grade has a metastasis rate of > 50%
  • Classification
    • Histologic types
      • liposarcoma types are related to the developmental stage of the lipoblasts from which they form
        • all are from primitive mesenchymal cells
      • types include
        • well-differentiated
          • same entity as atypical lipomatous tumor
        • myxoid
          • most common ~ 50% of all liposarcomas
        • round cell
        • pleomorphic
        • dedifferentiated
  • Imaging
    • Plain Radiographs
      • may show soft tissue calcification or ossification in well-differentiated liposarcomas
    • MRI
      • well-differentiated liposarcomas look similar to lipomas on MRI
        • bright on T1, dark on T2
        • may show differences in rate of growth, stranding, size
      • high-grade liposarcomas look similiar to other sarcomas on MRI
        • dark on T1, bright on T2
          • although high grade liposarcomas appear fibrogenic, they may have 10% fat composition, so they appear dark on T1 and bright on T2 unlike a lipoma which images iso-intense to sub-cutaneous fat on all sequences
    • CT Chest/Abd/Pelvis
      • myxoid liposarcomas have a tendency for abnormal metastasis outside of the lungs
        • therefore, histologic diagnosis of myxoid liposarcoma should be evaluated with CT chest/Abd/Pelvis
  • Histology
    • Characteristic histology
      • immature lipoblasts (signet ring-type cells)
      • mature adipocytes
    • Well-differentiated liposarcoma (central/retroperitoneal)
      • also known as atypical lipomatous tumor (extremities)
      • low grade
      • atypical lipoblasts, minimally cellular
      • fatty stroma background
      • have ring chromosome 12
    • Myxoid liposarcoma
      • low to intermediate grade
      • proliferating lipoblasts upon a myxoid stroma matrix
      • signet ring lipoblasts may occur
    • Round cell liposarcoma
      • poorly differentiated liposarcoma with characteristic small round blue cells
    • Pleomorphic liposarcoma
      • high-grade pleomorphic tumor
      • giant lipoblasts with bizarre nuclei
    • Dedifferentiated liposarcoma
      • high-grade sarcoma adjacent to well-differentiated lipomatous lesion
  • Treatment
    • Operative
      • marginal resection without radiotherapy
        • indications
          • well-differentiated liposarcoma
        • outcomes
          • low risk of local recurrence, metastasis extremely rare
          • dedifferentiation risk of 2% in extremities and 20% in retroperitoneal lesions
      • wide surgical resection with adjuvant radiotherapy
        • indications
          • intermediate grade liposarcomas
          • high grade liposarcomas
        • outcomes
          • radiation decreases local recurrence
          • chemotherapy may be beneficial in selected patients
          • myxoid liposarcomas with >10% round cells have high likelihood of metastasis
  • Prognosis
    • Lipomas do not predispose a patient to a liposarcoma
    • Well-differentiated liposarcomas exhibit < 10% local recurrence rates and <1% chance of metastasis and almost complete survival
    • With appropriate treatment, intermediate and high grade liposarcomas show ~ 20% risk of local recurrence but they exhibit 5 year survival between 25 - 50%

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(OBQ18.159) A 56-year-old woman presents with a left gluteal mass. MRI is obtained and depicted in Figure A (T1-weighted). He undergoes a biopsy of the mass, and immunohistochemistry stains positive for the MDM2 amplification. Histology is depicted in Figure B. Which of the following is the best treatment?

QID: 213055
FIGURES:

Amputation

0%

(9/1884)

Chemotherapy

1%

(28/1884)

Radiotherapy

2%

(33/1884)

Marginal resection

55%

(1043/1884)

Wide resection

40%

(759/1884)

L 4 A

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(OBQ18.87) A 71-year-old male presents with a large mass on his right thigh. An MRI and biopsy are performed and are shown in Figures A-C. What is the genetic basis of the condition, and what is the next best step in treatment?

QID: 212983
FIGURES:

MDM2 amplification; marginal resection without radiation

44%

(867/1964)

t(2;13) translocation; marginal resection without radiation

6%

(112/1964)

MDM2 amplification; marginal resection with radiation

15%

(303/1964)

t(2;13) translocation; wide resection with radiation

13%

(257/1964)

t(12;16) translocation; wide resection with radiation

21%

(405/1964)

L 4 A

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(OBQ13.25) A 50-year-old male presents with a painless thigh mass that has been growing in size. A representative MRI sequence, gross specimen and histologic evaluation are shown in Figures A, B and C respectively. What is the most likely diagnosis and associated corresponding chromosomal translocation?

QID: 4660
FIGURES:

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; t(2;13)

4%

(172/4004)

Fibrosarcoma; t(11;22)

1%

(55/4004)

Pleiomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma; t(12;16)

2%

(98/4004)

Synovial sarcoma; t(X;18)

3%

(117/4004)

Myxoid liposarcoma; t(12:16)

88%

(3522/4004)

L 1 C

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(SBQ11OS.150.1) Figures A, B, and C are the MRI scans and biopsy specimen of a 53-year-old man who has had left leg pain and swelling for the past 9 months. What is the most likely diagnosis?

QID: 210698
FIGURES:

Myxoid liposarcoma

60%

(1440/2403)

Synovial sarcoma

17%

(418/2403)

Atypical lipomatous tumor

7%

(170/2403)

Pigmented villonodular synovitis

1%

(33/2403)

Myxoma

13%

(320/2403)

L 2 C

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(OBQ07.70) A 40-year-old female presents with a painless enlarging left thigh mass. Radiograph, T1, and T2 MRI images are shown in Figures A through C. Biopsy specimen is shown in Figure D. What is the most likely diagnosis?

QID: 731
FIGURES:

Lipoma

2%

(41/2291)

Liposarcoma

86%

(1978/2291)

Hemangioma

0%

(11/2291)

Chondrosarcoma

1%

(18/2291)

Leiomyosarcoma

10%

(235/2291)

L 2 C

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(OBQ06.207) A 56-year-old male presents with a mass in his thigh that has been slowly growing over the past year. Femur radiograph, sagittal T1 and T2 weighted MRI scans, and histology section taken from an open biopsy are shown in Figures A through D. What is the diagnosis?

QID: 218
FIGURES:

Lipoma

3%

(36/1390)

Synovial sarcoma

1%

(13/1390)

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma

10%

(134/1390)

Liposarcoma

86%

(1190/1390)

Hemangiopericytoma

1%

(13/1390)

L 1 D

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