ACL Tear - Knee & Sports

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(OBQ09.157) A 27-year-old professional rugby player is sprinting down the field during a game and sustains a twisting injury to his right knee with immediate onset of swelling, pain, and difficulty with ambulation. Imaging of his right knee is demonstrated in Figures A, B, and C. Which of the following structures has most likely been injured?
Review Topic

QID: 2970

FIGURES:

A
B
C

1

Posterior cruciate ligament

0%

(6/2016)

2

Anterior cruciate ligament

86%

(1733/2016)

3

Popliteus

1%

(22/2016)

4

Lateral collateral ligament

11%

(229/2016)

5

Medial collateral ligament

1%

(12/2016)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 2

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(SAE07SM.84) Figure 23 shows the postoperative radiograph of a patient who underwent an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (with bone-patella tendon-bone autograft) that failed. He initially had loss of flexion postoperatively. What is the most likely cause of this failure? Review Topic

QID: 8746

FIGURES:

A

1

Fixation in the tibial tunnel

6%

(9/140)

2

Fixation in the femoral tunnel

8%

(11/140)

3

Posterior placement of the tibial tunnel

3%

(4/140)

4

Anterior placement of the femoral tunnel

76%

(107/140)

5

Size of the patellar autograft

6%

(9/140)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 4

(SAE07SM.46) What is the effect on knee kinematics following placement of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft at the 12 o’clock position? Review Topic

QID: 8708

1

Decreased rotational stability

88%

(96/109)

2

Decreased anterior-posterior stability

5%

(5/109)

3

Decreased flexion

2%

(2/109)

4

Decreased extension

4%

(4/109)

5

Graft failure secondary to impingement

2%

(2/109)

ML 1

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 1

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(OBQ13.275) A patient has persistent instability symptoms one year after ACL reconstruction. Radiographs and MRI show an intact graft with a femoral tunnel that enters the notch at the 12 o'clock position. These clinical findings have been associated with which of the following? Review Topic

QID: 4910

1

Lachman 2+, negative pivot shift and higher Lysholm scores

3%

(85/2634)

2

Lachman 2+, positive pivot shift and no change in Lysholm scores

8%

(215/2634)

3

Positive pivot shift and lower Lysholm scores

78%

(2047/2634)

4

Lachman 1+, negative pivot shift and lower Lysholm scores

9%

(232/2634)

5

Lachman 1+, negative pivot shift and no change in Lysholm scores

1%

(36/2634)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 3

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(OBQ07.155) Increased ACL injury rates in women athletes compared to male athletes may be due to muscular imbalance and relative weakness in which of the following muscle groups? Review Topic

QID: 816

1

Quadriceps

39%

(269/682)

2

Hamstrings

57%

(389/682)

3

Gluteus muscles

1%

(6/682)

4

Adductors

1%

(9/682)

5

Abdominals

0%

(3/682)

ML 3

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 2

(SBQ07SM.14) During anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction divergence between the graft and screw fixation within the bone tunnel can lead to complications. Which of the following statements regarding graft-screw divergence is true? Review Topic

QID: 1399

1

Risk of failure is eliminated using an accessory anteromedial drilling portal

2%

(15/927)

2

Complications occur more commonly with soft tissue grafts

3%

(30/927)

3

Loss of fixation becomes a greater risk if the graft-screw divergence is >30 degrees

86%

(793/927)

4

Excessive graft-screw divergence more commonly occurs during tibial fixation

3%

(27/927)

5

Graft-screw divergence is a common cause of late failure of ACL reconstructions

6%

(54/927)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 3

(OBQ12.249) A 12-year-old female sustained a right knee injury during a high-level gymnastic competition. Physical examination revealed a significant effusion, positive anterior drawer, and 3+ Lachman. She is a Tanner 3 on the scale of physical development. When considering transphyseal reconstruction techniques, which of the following factors has the greatest potential to cause physeal injury in the tibia? Review Topic

QID: 4609

1

Vertical transphyseal tunnel position

9%

(307/3400)

2

Slow transphyseal tunnel reaming

5%

(156/3400)

3

Hamstring autograft

0%

(16/3400)

4

Small transphyseal tunnel diameter

1%

(29/3400)

5

Horizontal and oblique transphyseal tunnel position

84%

(2867/3400)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ04.9) When evaluating patients that needed revision surgery, what is the most common cause of a failed primary ACL reconstruction? Review Topic

QID: 120

1

Tunnel malposition

90%

(516/576)

2

Obesity

0%

(2/576)

3

Smoking

1%

(4/576)

4

Returning to sport too early

6%

(32/576)

5

Inadequate physical therapy

3%

(18/576)

ML 1

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 1

(OBQ07.87) A patient sustains a knee injury. The MRI image shown in Figure A is indicative of which of the following injuries? Review Topic

QID: 748

FIGURES:

A

1

ACL tear

90%

(1224/1359)

2

PCL tear

6%

(85/1359)

3

Medial meniscus tear

1%

(7/1359)

4

Lateral meniscus tear

1%

(19/1359)

5

Patellar tendon tear

1%

(19/1359)

ML 1

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 1

(OBQ07.66) A 16-year-old high school basketball player sustains a non-contact knee injury when she lands from a rebound. She develops immediate swelling and is noted to have a hemarthrosis. What is the most likely diagnosis? Review Topic

QID: 727

1

MCL tear

1%

(4/538)

2

Medial meniscus tear

2%

(12/538)

3

ACL tear

93%

(503/538)

4

Patellar dislocation

2%

(9/538)

5

Contusion

1%

(5/538)

ML 1

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 3

(OBQ06.138) Following ACL reconstruction, which of the following tests most closely correlates with patient satisfaction with their reconstructed knee? Review Topic

QID: 324

1

KT-1000 manual maximum value

14%

(77/533)

2

Lachman's test

13%

(69/533)

3

Anterior drawer test

5%

(26/533)

4

Pivot shift test

58%

(311/533)

5

Cybex testing

9%

(47/533)

ML 3

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 4

(OBQ04.174) Which of the following factors concerning ACL reconstruction has demonstrated definitive evidence of adverse effect on clinical outcomes? Review Topic

QID: 1279

1

Center of tibia tunnel placement in-line with the posterior aspect of the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus

4%

(22/499)

2

Horizontal femoral tunnel placement (10 or 2 o’clock position)

9%

(44/499)

3

Femoral tunnel placement anterior to the lateral intercondylar ridge

73%

(364/499)

4

One-incision instead of two-incision tunnel drilling technique

6%

(29/499)

5

Tibial tunnel is parallel and posterior to Blumenstaat's line when knee is fully extended

8%

(38/499)

ML 1

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 3

(OBQ12.94) Which of the following bone bruise patterns seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is most consistent with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear? Review Topic

QID: 4454

1

Medial tibial spine and medial femoral condyle

1%

(83/5543)

2

Medial facet of patella and lateral femoral condyle

1%

(28/5543)

3

Posterolateral tibia and lateral femoral condyle

79%

(4361/5543)

4

Posterolateral tibia and medial femoral condyle

9%

(524/5543)

5

Medial tibial spine and lateral femoral condyle

9%

(519/5543)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 3

(OBQ05.174) A high school girls basketball player sustains a non-contact knee injury and develops an acute hemarthrosis. What is the likelihood that she has an ACL tear? Review Topic

QID: 1060

1

0-15%

1%

(11/1943)

2

15-30%

4%

(72/1943)

3

30-45%

6%

(115/1943)

4

45-60%

11%

(217/1943)

5

>60%

78%

(1521/1943)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ12.41) A genotype within the COL5A1 gene is associated with a reduced risk of which of the following injuries in women? Review Topic

QID: 4401

1

Glenohumeral dislocation

4%

(224/5325)

2

Rotator cuff tear

7%

(359/5325)

3

Lateral patellar dislocation

8%

(425/5325)

4

Anterior cruciate ligament rupture

75%

(4001/5325)

5

Torn discoid meniscus

5%

(267/5325)

ML 3

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 4

(OBQ10.223) A collegiate men's basketball point guard undergoes ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft. One year following reconstruction, he returns to playing and complains of recurrent instability episodes. He has an acute giving way episode on the court and is found to have an effusion and a positive pivot shift. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his injury? Review Topic

QID: 3322

1

Improper graft selection

4%

(109/2569)

2

Lack of sufficient physical rehabilitation prior to return to basketball

10%

(250/2569)

3

Overly aggressive physical rehabilitation during the first 3 months following reconstructive surgery

3%

(86/2569)

4

Surgical error in graft tensioning

3%

(82/2569)

5

Surgical error in tunnel position

79%

(2031/2569)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ05.28) At what range of motion do seated leg extension exercises place the greatest amount of stress on the anterior cruciate ligament? Review Topic

QID: 65

1

0 to 30 degrees

45%

(892/1975)

2

30 to 60 degrees

33%

(642/1975)

3

60 to 90 degrees

13%

(263/1975)

4

90 to 120 degrees

5%

(106/1975)

5

flexion greater than 120 degrees

3%

(63/1975)

ML 4

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 1

(OBQ09.147) Tunnel malposition is thought to be a primary etiology for ACL graft failure. All of the following are true of tunnel position EXCEPT: Review Topic

QID: 2960

1

Vertical placement of the femoral tunnel can result in rotational instability and impingement against the PCL

3%

(20/605)

2

Anterior placement of the femoral tunnel can result in elongation of the graft

7%

(40/605)

3

Tibial tunnel placement should be placed posterior to a line extending from Blumenstaat's line when the knee is in full extension

10%

(61/605)

4

Transtibial drilling through a tibia tunnel that is too far anterior can result in a vertical (12:00) graft

24%

(144/605)

5

Transtibial drilling through a tibia tunnel that is too far anterior can result in an oblique (10:30 or 1:30 position) graft

55%

(334/605)

ML 3

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ07.274) Which of the following risk factors is felt to contribute greatest to the higher rate of ACL rupture in female compared to male athletes? Review Topic

QID: 935

1

Body mass index

1%

(3/576)

2

Femoral notch width

4%

(21/576)

3

Generalized ligamentous laxity

9%

(50/576)

4

Neuromuscular factors

71%

(411/576)

5

Limb alignment

16%

(90/576)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 4

(SBQ07SM.37) You are considering performing an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on an adolescent female athlete but are concerned about the possibility of a resultant leg length discrepency. Which of the following history or physical findings is most reliable at predicting the amount of growth remaining? Review Topic

QID: 1422

1

Cessation of changes in shoe size

1%

(3/394)

2

Onset of menarche

86%

(339/394)

3

Secondary sex characteristics

9%

(35/394)

4

Doubling the child’s height when she was 2 years of age to determine final height

1%

(5/394)

5

Age at which patellar ossification began

2%

(9/394)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 2

(OBQ04.91) A 30 year-old tennis player sustains the injury seen in Figure A and is considering nonoperative treatment of this injured structure. With nonoperative treatment, which of the following additional findings correlate most closely with the development of future arthritis? Review Topic

QID: 1196

FIGURES:

A

1

Grade IIB Lachman

6%

(38/649)

2

Presence of pivot shift

32%

(209/649)

3

Tenderness over MCL origin without opening on valgus

2%

(12/649)

4

Positive Ober test

1%

(5/649)

5

Painful pop on McMurray test

59%

(382/649)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ06.112) A 25-year-old male soccer player twisted his left knee 4 days ago and developed immediate swelling and pain. On exam, he has a 2+ effusion and pain with active range of motion. Passively, he tolerates range of motion from 0-90 degrees. He has difficulty performing a straight leg raise exercise. MRI scan is shown in Figure A. What is the most appropriate initial management for his injury? Review Topic

QID: 298

FIGURES:

A

1

Knee immobilization

6%

(91/1416)

2

Physical therapy for range of motion

74%

(1052/1416)

3

Acute reconstruction followed by mobilization

11%

(158/1416)

4

Arthrocentesis to rule out infection

0%

(2/1416)

5

Rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, and follow-up in 4 weeks

8%

(111/1416)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 2

(SBQ04SM.32) In biomechanical testing, which of the following tissues has the highest maximum load to failure? Review Topic

QID: 5

1

Quadruple semitendinosus and gracilis tendons

73%

(1324/1806)

2

Bone-patellar tendon-bone with a width of 10 mm

15%

(277/1806)

3

Bone-quadriceps tendon with a width on 10mm

3%

(49/1806)

4

Tibialis tendon allograft

1%

(20/1806)

5

Native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

7%

(124/1806)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 1

(OBQ04.56) An 18-year-old athlete is now 3 months out from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. He has been unable to obtain full extension of the knee. His range of motion is from 12° to 125° compared to 0° to 140° on the contralateral knee. He has no effusion, no pain at rest, and a stable Lachman’s test. He is having difficulty ambulating without crutches. What is the most common technical error which can account for these findings? Review Topic

QID: 2

1

Femoral tunnel drilled too anteriorly

28%

(507/1794)

2

Failure to cycle the knee prior to final tibial fixation

5%

(82/1794)

3

Femoral tunnel drilled too vertically

10%

(187/1794)

4

Tibial tunnel drilled too vertically

2%

(41/1794)

5

Tibial tunnel drilled too anteriorly

54%

(971/1794)

ML 4

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ05.96) Most surgeons prefer to avoid or limit which of the following exercises in the initial post-operative rehabilitation following ACL reconstruction? Review Topic

QID: 982

1

Quadriceps sets

10%

(58/584)

2

Seated leg extensions

74%

(434/584)

3

Straight leg raises

6%

(35/584)

4

Active range of motion

3%

(15/584)

5

Closed chain exercises

7%

(42/584)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 2

(OBQ11.271) A 23-year-old soccer player suffers an ACL rupture and undergoes reconstruction. Post-operatively she begins a rehabilitation program and her therapist develops a series of knee conditioning exercises to help her regain strength and range of motion. Which of the following exercises places the lowest strain in this patients properly placed ACL graft? Review Topic

QID: 3694

1

Isometric hamstring contractions at 60 degrees of knee flexion

50%

(1062/2138)

2

Isolated quadriceps contractions with the knee at 30 degrees of flexion

10%

(214/2138)

3

Simultaneous quadricep and hamstring contractions at 15 degrees of knee flexion

26%

(558/2138)

4

Isolated quadriceps contractions with the knee at 15 degrees of flexion

11%

(227/2138)

5

Active resisted knee motion from terminal extension to 30 degrees of flexion

3%

(64/2138)

ML 4

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 1

(OBQ04.240) In laboratory testing of quadrupled hamstring grafts (doubled over semitendinosis and gracilis), all of the following statements are true EXCEPT: Review Topic

QID: 1345

1

Two equally tensioned semitendinosus strands have an average of 220 percent of the strength of one semitendinosus strand

6%

(24/435)

2

Single semitendinosis strand has a higher tensile strength than a single gracilis strand

4%

(19/435)

3

All strands of a hamstring graft must be equally tensioned to achieve optimum biomechanical properties

7%

(32/435)

4

Quadrupled grafts have tensile properties that are higher than 10mm patellar-ligament grafts

15%

(67/435)

5

Quadrupled hamstring grafts have lower tensile strength than the native ACL

67%

(291/435)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ10.229) Which of the following exercises should typically be avoided during the initial therapy following ACL reconstruction? Review Topic

QID: 3328

1

Light leg press

1%

(23/2026)

2

Use of a stair climbing machine

2%

(50/2026)

3

Vertical squat with light dumbbells in each hand

6%

(127/2026)

4

Seated leg extensions

89%

(1808/2026)

5

Use of a stationary bike

1%

(13/2026)

ML 1

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 4

(OBQ03.166) A patient undegoes an uncomplicated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Which of the following activities are generally not recommended during the first 6 weeks of physical therapy? Review Topic

QID: 3

1

Patellar mobilizations

1%

(5/468)

2

Passive extension

2%

(11/468)

3

Heel slides to improve flexion

4%

(20/468)

4

Isometric quadriceps strengthening

16%

(73/468)

5

Isokinetic quadriceps strengthening

76%

(358/468)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ11.129) A patient develops infrapatellar contracture syndrome after undergoing ACL surgery. All of the following findings are consistent with this diagnosis EXCEPT? Review Topic

QID: 3552

1

Patella infera

2%

(38/2512)

2

Decreased patellar mobility

1%

(28/2512)

3

Loss of active but not passive flexion

67%

(1685/2512)

4

Loss of full extension

16%

(396/2512)

5

Loss of passive flexion

14%

(356/2512)

ML 3

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 3

(OBQ06.177) A patient develops anteromedial pain and altered sensation over the anterolateral infrapatellar region of the knee after autologous hamstring tendon harvest for an ACL reconstruction. Which of the following nerves has been injured? Review Topic

QID: 363

1

Medial retinacular

5%

(25/505)

2

Inferior genicular

27%

(134/505)

3

Saphenous

66%

(335/505)

4

Superficial peroneal

2%

(9/505)

5

Tibial

0%

(1/505)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 3

(OBQ11.215) A 25-year-old male is one year status post anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using patellar bone-tendon-bone (BTB) autograft. He complains of persistent instability with certain activities. His operative dictation notes excellent stability intra-operatively with femoral fixation at the 12 o'clock position. Based on his femoral tunnel position, his history and examination are most likely to reveal which of the following? Review Topic

QID: 3638

1

Positive pivot shift test and instability with cutting activities due to failure to reconstruct the posterolateral bundle of the ACL

77%

(2016/2610)

2

Positive Lachman's test and instability with forward running activites due to failure to reconstruct the anteromedial bundle of the ACL

6%

(157/2610)

3

Positive pivot shift test and instability with cutting activities due to failure to reconstruct the anterolateral bundle of the ACL

9%

(234/2610)

4

Positive Lachman's test and instability with forward activites due to failure to reconstruct the posteromedial bundle of the ACL

2%

(44/2610)

5

Positive pivot shift test and instability with forward running activities due to failure to reconstruct the posterolateral bundle of the ACL

5%

(141/2610)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 1

(OBQ04.19) You are called by a 35-year-old male patient who had ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft 5 days ago. He reports his knee pain and swelling have significantly increased in the last day, and now it is difficult for him to raise his leg off the bed and is having more difficulty tolerating the CPM machine. Upon questioning he denies fever, chills, or any new trauma to the knee. What is the next step in management? Review Topic

QID: 130

1

Ice, NSAIDS, elevation, compression wrap and restart therapy once symptoms improve

27%

(120/451)

2

Recommend immediate knee aspiration with gram stain and cultures

68%

(305/451)

3

Increase CPM use to 10 hours a day

0%

(2/451)

4

Call the office staff in the morning to schedule an appointment

5%

(22/451)

5

Start physical therapy visits once daily

0%

(2/451)

ML 2

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 2

(OBQ05.190) The middle genicular artery is the primary blood supply of which of the following structures? Review Topic

QID: 1076

1

Medial collateral ligament

2%

(12/590)

2

Lateral collateral ligament

0%

(2/590)

3

Medial meniscus

8%

(46/590)

4

Lateral meniscus

0%

(1/590)

5

Anterior cruciate ligament

89%

(526/590)

ML 1

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PREFERRED RESPONSE 5

(OBQ08.186) Patients may complain of numbness over the anterolateral aspect of the knee following ACL reconstruction. This is most commonly due to injury of which of the following? Review Topic

QID: 572

1

Suprapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve

11%

(65/587)

2

Infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve

80%

(470/587)

3

The common peroneal nerve

1%

(8/587)

4

The superficial femoral nerve

2%

(14/587)

5

The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

5%

(28/587)

ML 1

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(OBQ04.212) A 16-year-old female volleyball player presents 1 week after sustaining a knee injury while landing from a jump. There was an audible popping sound at the time of injury and she developed swelling later that evening. On physical examination, the surgeon applies a valgus force to the fully extended and internally rotated knee. As the knee is then brought into flexion, a loud clunk occurs at 30° of flexion. Which of the following patterns of bone contusion shown on MRI in Figures A-E is most likely to be evident on this patient's MRI? Review Topic

QID: 1317

FIGURES:

A
B
C
D
E

1

Figure A

89%

(1871/2104)

2

Figure B

2%

(50/2104)

3

Figure C

4%

(91/2104)

4

Figure D

2%

(40/2104)

5

Figure E

2%

(46/2104)

ML 1

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(OBQ04.258) The saphenous nerve is most likely to be injured with which of the following steps during an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring autograft? Review Topic

QID: 1363

1

Incision for an anteromedial portal with the knee flexed

7%

(33/499)

2

Incision for an anteromedial portal with the knee extended

10%

(52/499)

3

Incision for an accessory medial portal the with knee flexed

10%

(50/499)

4

Hamstring harvest with the knee extended

70%

(350/499)

5

Tibial tunnel aperture fixation with the knee at 30 degrees of flexion

2%

(11/499)

ML 2

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(OBQ04.262) Which of the following physical exam maneuvers would be MOST expected for a patient with the following radiograph? Review Topic

QID: 1367

FIGURES:

A

1

Positive Lachman's test

80%

(975/1225)

2

Positive McMurray's test with leg internally rotated

3%

(31/1225)

3

Positve McMurray's test with leg externally rotated

4%

(44/1225)

4

Positive external rotation dial test with knee flexed at 30 degrees

9%

(113/1225)

5

Positive external rotation dial test with knee flexed at 30 degrees and 90 degrees

5%

(60/1225)

ML 2

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(OBQ04.246) A 23-year-old soccer player sustains an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and is scheduled for reconstruction. He has questions regarding the use of autografts. Which of the following statements is true regarding bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft in comparison to quadrupled hamstring autograft for ACL reconstruction? Review Topic

QID: 1351

1

BTB autograft is biomechanically stronger than quadrupled hamstring autograft

5%

(25/546)

2

BTB autograft shows less evidence of post-operative pivot shift

1%

(6/546)

3

Quadrupled hamstring autograft shows lower rate of graft failure

3%

(18/546)

4

BTB shows higher incidence of anterior knee pain

89%

(488/546)

5

Quadrupled hamstring autograft shows lower incidence of knee hardware removal

1%

(3/546)

ML 1

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(OBQ05.40) During anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, a graft that is tight in flexion but lax in extension may be due to which technical error? Review Topic

QID: 1

1

Femoral tunnel is too posterior

8%

(184/2179)

2

Femoral tunnel is too anterior

72%

(1575/2179)

3

Femoral tunnel placed at 12:00 position

4%

(80/2179)

4

Tibial tunnel is too anterior

14%

(298/2179)

5

Tibial tunnel is too medial

1%

(20/2179)

ML 2

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(OBQ08.120) A 25-year-old male undergoes an ACL reconstruction with an ipsilateral bone-patella tendon-bone autograft. At his two week followup he is noted to have complete loss of his extensor mechanism on exam, stable Lachman and posterior drawer tests, and patella alta radiographically. Management should consist of? Review Topic

QID: 506

1

Continued standard ACL rehab protocol

3%

(20/576)

2

Quadraceps tendon repair

3%

(16/576)

3

WBAT in a cylinder cast

1%

(3/576)

4

Patellar tendon repair or reconstruction

93%

(534/576)

5

Revision ACL reconstruction with hamstring autograft

1%

(3/576)

ML 1

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(OBQ08.193) Strategies which focus on increasing patient neuromuscular control are most effective at preventing which of the following female sporting injuries? Review Topic

QID: 579

1

Shoulder dislocations

1%

(9/1268)

2

Concussion

0%

(4/1268)

3

Anterior cruciate ligament ruptures

96%

(1216/1268)

4

Frieberg's infarction

0%

(4/1268)

5

Patellofemoral instability

3%

(32/1268)

ML 1

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(OBQ09.26) A 31-year-old male is 1 year status post primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Despite adequate physical therapy, he has been unable to return to sport due to recurrent instability and elects to proceed with revision surgery. What is the most common reason for failure of his primary ACL reconstruction? Review Topic

QID: 2839

1

Unrecognized varus malalignment preop

2%

(35/1683)

2

Improper bone tunnel placement

95%

(1601/1683)

3

Reconstruction with a single bundle

1%

(10/1683)

4

Improper graft selection

1%

(9/1683)

5

Meniscal injury

1%

(21/1683)

ML 1

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(OBQ05.214) All of the following are true regarding excessively anterior femoral tunnel placement during ACL reconstruction EXCEPT? Review Topic

QID: 1100

1

It may cause loss of knee flexion

16%

(117/731)

2

It may cause graft over-stretching and failure

8%

(61/731)

3

It is the most common technical error

16%

(120/731)

4

It may cause interference screw divergence

53%

(388/731)

5

It is often due to poor visualization

5%

(40/731)

ML 3

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(OBQ08.213) When comparing autologous graft options for ACL reconstruction, a hamstring graft is associated with which of the following findings when compared to a patellar tendon graft? Review Topic

QID: 599

1

Decreased tunnel widening

1%

(25/2261)

2

Decreased pivot shift

1%

(15/2261)

3

Decreased incidence of anterior knee pain

94%

(2129/2261)

4

Increased knee flexion strength on Cybex testing

2%

(37/2261)

5

Increased stability on KT-1000

2%

(47/2261)

ML 1

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Introduction
Incidence ~400,000 ACL reconstructions / year Mechanism is a non-contact pivoting injury video showing ACL tear in elite athlete Often associated with a meniscal tear lateral meniscal tears in 54% of acute ACL tears Chronic ACL deficient knees associated with chondral injuries complex unrepairable meniscal tears relation with arthritis is controversial Sex-related differences ACL injury more common in female athlete (4.5:1 ratio) due to landing biomechanics and neuromuscular activation patterns (quadriceps dominant) play the biggest role females get ACL injuries at a younger age than males females get more ACL injuries on the supporting leg (males get more ACL injuries on the kicking leg) table of differences
Anatomy
ACL Function provides 85% of the stability to prevent anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur acts as a secondary restraint to tibial rotation and varus/valgus rotation ACL Anatomy 32mm length x 7-12mm width in size anteromedial bundle more isometric tight throughout knee ROM, but tightest in flexion primarily responsible for restraining anterior tibial translation (anterior drawer test) posterolateral bundle greater length changes tightest in extension, slack in mid-flexion primarily responsible for rotational stability (pivot shift test) femoral attachment lateral intercondylar ridge demarcates the anterior edge of the ACL bifurcate ridge separates the anteromedial and posterolateral bundle attachment tibial attachment anterior tibia, between intercondylar eminences ACL Blood supply middle geniculate artery ACL Innervation posterior articular nerve ( a branch of tibial nerve) ACL Composition 90% Type I collagen 10% Type III collagen ACL Strength: 2200 N (anterior)
Presentation
Presentation felt a "pop" pain deep in the knee immediate swelling (70%) / hemarthrosis Physical exam effusion quadricep avoidance gait (does not actively extend knee) Lachman's test most sensitive exam test grading A= firm endpoint, B= no endpoint Grade 1: 3-5 mm translation Grade 2 A/B: 5-10mm translation Grade 3 A/B: > 10mm translation PCL tear may give "false" Lachman due to posterior subluxation Pivot shift extension to flexion: reduces at 20-30° of flexion patient must be completely relaxed (easier to elicit under anesthesia) mimics the actual giving way event KT-1000 useful to quantify anterior laxity measured with the knee in slight flexion and externally rotated 10-30°
Imaging
Radiographs usually normal Segond fracture (avulsion fracture of the proximal lateral tibia) is pathognomonic for an ACL tear represents bony avulsion by the anterolateral ligament (ALL) associated with ACL tear 75-100% of the time deep sulcus (terminalis) sign depression on the lateral femoral condyle at the terminal sulcus, a junction between the weight bearing tibial articular surface and the patellar articular surface of the femoral condyle. MRI findings of torn ACL sagittal view ACL fibers discontinuity of fibers on T2 abnormal orientation too "flat" compared with intercondylar roof / Blumensaat's line this acute angle is common in chronic cases where ACL scars to the PCL non-visualization of ACL bone bruising in > half of acute ACL tears middle 1/3 of LFC (sulcus terminalis) posterior 1/3 of the lateral tibial plateau subchondral changes on MRI can persist years after injury coronal view discontinuity of fibers (do not reach the femur) fluid against the lateral wall ("empty notch sign") findings of normal ACL fibers steeper than the intercondylar roof continuity of fibers all the way from the tibia to femur
Treatment
Nonoperative physical therapy & lifestyle modifications low demand patients with decreased laxity increased meniscal/cartilage damage linked to loss of meniscal integrity the frequency of buckling episodes level I and II activity (e.g. jumping, cutting, side-to-side sports, heavy manual labor) Operative ACL reconstruction indications younger, more active patients (reduces the incidence of meniscal or chondral injury) children (strongly consider operative as activity limitation is not realistic) older active patients (age >40 is not a contraindication if high demand athlete) prior ACL reconstruction failure associated injuries MCL injury allow MCL to heal (varus/valgus stability) and then perform ACL reconstruction varus/valgus instability can jeopardize graft meniscal tear perform the meniscal repair at the same time as ACL reconstruction increased meniscal healing rate when repaired at the same time as ACL posterolateral corner injury reconstruct at the same time as ACL or as 1st stage of 2 stage reconstruction outcomes return to play largely influenced by psychological, demographic and functional outcomes ligament repair traditionally has a high failure rate arthroscopic bridge-enhanced ACL repair (BEAR) trial with a bridging scaffold is ongoing revision ACL reconstruction indications failure of prior ACL reconstruction
Surgical Techniques
Femoral tunnel placement proper placement sagittal plane 1-2 mm rim of bone between the tunnel and posterior cortex of the femur coronal plane the tunnel should be placed on the lateral wall (at 2 (left knee) or 10 (right knee) o'clock position) to create a more horizontal graft - remember 2 and 10 Tibial tunnel placement proper placement sagittal plane the center of tunnel entrance into joint should be 10-11mm in front of the anterior border of PCL insertion, 6mm anterior to the median eminence, 9mm posterior to the inter-meniscal ligament coronal plane tunnel trajectory of < 75° from horizontal obtain by moving tibial starting point halfway between tibial tubercle and a posterior medial edge of the tibia. Graft placement graft preconditioning can reduce stress relaxation up to 50% graft tensioning graft tensioning at 20N or 40N had no clinical outcome effects in a level 1 study fix the graft in 20-30° of flexion High tibial osteotomy limb malalignment in both the coronal and sagittal plane must be addressed before or at the same time as ligament reconstruction Revision ACL reconstruction technique use high strength grafts (quad tendon, hamstring, allograft) use dual fixation (suspension + interference screws) bone grafting (tunnel dilation, decreased bone stock, staged) re-harvesting BTB is contraindicated postoperative conservative rehab
Graft Selection
Bone-patellar-bone autograft advantages of autograft using patient's own tissue most common source of graft faster incorporation less immune reaction no chance of acquiring someone else's infection pros and cons of bone-patella-bone the longest history of use and considered the "gold standard" bone to bone healing ability to rigidly fix the joint line (screws) the highest incidence of anterior knee pain (up to 10-30%) maximum load to failure is 2600 Newtons (intact ACL is 1725 Newtons) complications patella fracture (usually postop during rehab), patellar tendon rupture re-rupture associated with age < 20 years and graft size < 8mm Quadruple hamstring autograft technique may be taken from contralateral side in revision situation when allograft is not desirable or available pros and cons smaller incision, less perioperative pain, less anterior knee pain fixation strength may be less than Bone-PT-Bone maximum load to failure is approximately 4000 Newtons decreased peak flexion strength at 3 years compared to Bone-PT-Bone concern about hamstring weakness in female athletes leading to increased risk of re-rupture complications "windshield wiper" effect (suspensory fixation away from joint line causes tunnel abrasion and expansion with flexion/extension of knee) residual hamstring weakness Allograft pros & cons useful in revisions longer incorporation time risk of disease transmission (HIV is < 1:1 million, hepatitis is even greater) increased risk of re-rupture in young athletes odds of graft re-rupture are 4.3 x higher in allograft for athletes aged 10-19 graft processing supercritical CO2: decreases the structural and mechanical properties radiation: > 3 Mrads is required to kill HIV (this, however, decreases the structural and mechanical properties) 2-2.8 Mrad decreases stiffness by 30% 1-1.2 Mrad decreases stiffness by 20% deep freezing: destroys cells but does not affect the strength of the graft 4% chlorhexidine gluconate: destroys cells but does not affect the strength of the graft Quadriceps tendon autograft taken with patella bone plug much less common
Pediatric Considerations
Physis < 14 yrs with open physis the onset of menarche is the best determinant of skeletal maturity in females Treatment Nonoperative indications compliant, low demand patient with no additional intra-articular pathologies partial ACL tear (60% of adolescents have partial tears) with near normal Lachman and pivot shift Surgery indications complete ACL tear Techniques intra-articular physis-sparing (all intra-epiphyseal) transphyseal (males ≤13-16, females ≤ 12-14) partial transphyseal leave either distal femoral or proximal tibial physis undisturbed no significant difference in growth disturbances between techniques combined intra- and extra-articular (males ≤12, females ≤ 11) autogenous ITB harvested free proximally, left attached distally to Gerdy's tubercle looped through the knee in over the top position passed through the notch and under intermeniscal ligament anteriorly sutured to lateral femoral condyle and proximal tibia adult type reconstruction (males >=16, females >=14) Graft Selection transphyseal soft tissue grafts rarely lead to growth disturbances Instrumentation Factors found to increase physeal injury include: large tunnel diameter (>12mm) is most important 8mm tunnel corresponds to <3% physeal cross-sectional area 12mm tunnel corresponds to >7-9% of physeal cross-sectional area is violated oblique tunnel position interference screw fixation high-speed tunnel reaming lateral extra-articular tenodesis dissection close to the perichondral ring of LaCroix suturing near tibial tubercle Complications physeal disruption without growth disturbance (10%)
Rehabilitation
Early postoperative immediate aggressive cryotherapy (ice) immediate weight bearing (shown to reduce patellofemoral pain) emphasize early full passive extension (especially if associated with MCL injury or patella dislocation) early rehab focus rehab on exercises that do not place excess stress on graft appropriate rehab eccentric strengthening at 3 weeks has been shown to result in increased quadriceps volume and strength isometric hamstring contractions at any angle isometric quadriceps, or simultaneous quadriceps and hamstrings contraction active knee motion between 35 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion emphasize closed chain (foot planted) exercises avoid isokinetic quadricep strengthening (15-30°) during early rehab open chain quadriceps strengthening Injury prevention female athlete neuromuscular training/plyometrics (jump training) land from jumping in less valgus and more knee flexion increasing hamstring strength to decrease quadriceps dominance ratio skier training teach skiers how to fall ACL bracing no proven efficacy except for ACL-deficient skiers
Complications
Failure due to Tunnel Malposition overview is the most common cause of ACL failure improper tunnel placement causes failure in 70% femoral tunnel malposition coronal plane vertical femoral tunnel placement cause by starting femoral tunnel at the vertical position in the notch (12 o:clock) as opposed to lateral wall (9 o: clock) will cause continued rotational instability which can be identified on physical exam by a positive pivot shift sagittal plane anterior tunnel placement leads to a knee that is tight in flexion and loose in extension occurs from failure to clear "residents ridge" posterior misplacement (over-the-top) leads to a knee that is lax in flexion and tight in extension tibial tunnel malposition sagittal plane anterior misplacement leads to knee that is tight in flexion with impingement in extension posterior misplacement leads to an ACL that will impinge with the PCL Other cause of failure inadequate graft fixation can be caused by graft-screw divergence >30 degrees missed diagnosis in combined ACL and PLC injuries, failure to treat the PLC will lead to failure of ACL reconstruction overaggressive rehab Infection septic arthritis coagulase negative Staph (S. epidermidis) most common Staph aureus 2nd most common presentation pain, swelling, erythema, and increased WBC at 2-14 days postop treatment perform immediate joint aspiration with gram stain and cultures treatment immediate arthroscopic I&D often can retain graft with multiple I&Ds and antibiotics (6 weeks minimum) graft retention more likely to be successful with S. epidermidis graft retention less likely to be successful with S. aureus Loss of motion & arthrofibrosis preoperative prevention be sure patient has regained full ROM before you operate ("pre-hab") wait until swelling (inflammatory phase) has gone down to reduce the incidence of arthrofibrosis operative prevention proper tunnel placement is critical to have a full range of motion postop prevention aggressive cryotherapy (ice) treatment < 12 weeks, then treat with aggressive PT and serial splinting > 12 weeks, then treat with lysis of adhesions/manipulation under anesthesia Infrapatellar contracture syndrome an uncommon complication following knee surgery or injury which results in knee stiffness the physical exam will show decreased patellar translation Patella Tendon Rupture will see patella alta on the lateral radiograph RSD (complex regional pain syndrome) Patella fracture most fx occur 8-12 weeks postop Hardware failure Tunnel osteolysis treat with observation Late arthritis related to meniscal integrity Local nerve irritation saphenous nerve Cyclops lesion fibroproliferative tissue blocks extension "click" heard at terminal extension