| Ilioinguinal nerve |
- Can be caused by hypertrophied abdominal muscles as a result of intensive training
- Hyperesthesia is common
- Pain worse with hyperextension of hip
- Treatment
- operative
- surgical release
- indications
- failure of nonoperative management
|
| Obturator nerve |
- Found in patients with well-developed hip adductors (skaters)
- Can cause chronic medial thigh pain
- Nerve conductions studies help establish diagnosis
- Treatment
|
| Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve |
- Can lead to pain on lateral aspect of proximal leg
- Exacerbated by tight belts and prolonged hip flexion
- Treatment
- nonoperative
- PT, NSAIDS
- postural exercises
- release of compressive devices
|
| Sciatic nerve |
- Can occur anywhere along the course of the nerve
- Most common locations
- at level of ischial tuberosity
- at the piriformis muscle (piriformis syndrome)
|
| Saphenous neuritis |
- Compression of the saphenous nerve, usually at Hunter's canal
- also known as surfer's neuropathy
- Caused by kneeling for long periods of time
- Symptoms
- pain inferior and medial to knee
- Treatment
|
| Common peroneal nerve |
- Can be compressed behind fibula by a ganglion cyst or injured by a direct blow
- Fusion of the proximal tibiofibular joint may be needed to prevent cyst recurrence
|
| Superficial peroneal nerve |
- Due to a fascial defect
- usually ~ 12 cm proximal to lateral malleolus where it exits the fascia of the anterolateral leg
- Mechanisms include
- inversion injury
- fascial defect
- Presentation
- numbness and tingling over dorsum of foot
- worsens with plantar flexion and inversion of foot
- Treatment
- nonoperative
- observation
- indications
- usually preferred treatment
- operative
- fascial release
- indications
- may be indicated in refractory cases or for elite athletes
|
| Deep peroneal nerve |
- Can be caused by inferior extensor retinaculum
- Also known as anterior tarsal syndrome
|
| Posterior tibial nerve |
- Also known as Tarsal Tunnel syndrome
|
| Lateral plantar nerve |
- Caused by compression of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve, also known as Baxter nerve (branch to the abductor digiti quinti)
- common nerve entrapment in the running athlete
 
- becomes compressed between fascia of abductor hallucis longus and medial side of quadratus plantae
- Treatment
- operative
- surgical release of abductor hallicus fascia
|
| Medial plantar nerve |
- Compression of medial plantar nerve at point where FDL and FHL cross (Knot of Henry)
- also known as Jogger's foot
- Most common cause of compression is foot orthotics
- Treatment
- nonoperative
- discontinue foot orthosis
|
| Sural nerve |
- Can occur anywhere along the course of the nerve
- Most vulnerable 12-15mm distal to the tip of the fibula as the foot rests in equinus position
- Treatment
|
| Interdigital neuroma |
- Also known as Morton's neuroma
|
|
Please Rate Educational Value!
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Qbank (3 Questions)
TAG
(OBQ10.251)
Figure A is a dissection of the medial aspect of the left ankle and foot. Which of the following nerves indicated in Figure A is most commonly implicated in nerve entrapments in the running athlete?
Review Topic
DISCUSSION:
Point A demonstrates the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve (Baxter's nerve). Baxter's nerve innervates the abductor digiti quinti, quadratus plantae, and flexor digitorum brevis muscles. It traverses just superior to the insertion of the plantar fascia on the medial calcaneal tuberosity. Compression of this nerve causes maximal pain over the plantar medial aspect of the foot, and can be difficult to distinguish from plantar fasciitis. Baxter's nerve compression is a common pattern of entrapment found in the running athlete. Illustration A depicts the sensory distribution of the tibial nerve. Illustration B shows the dissection with the other responses labeled; Point B are the medial calcaneal nerve branches, Point C is the tibial nerve, Point D is the lateral plantar nerve and Point E is the medial plantar nerve.
The review article by Neufeld and Cerrato discusses plantar fasciitis and its differential diagnoses including Baxter's nerve compression, calcaneal stress fracture, lumbar radiculopathy, and plantar fibromatosis.
Illustrations:
A
B
REFERENCES:
1.
Glazebrook M, Amendola A. Athletic foot disorders. In: Kibler WB, ed. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Sports Medicine 4. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009:185-197.
2.
Neufeld SK, Cerrato R. Plantar fasciitis: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008 Jun;16(6):338-46. Review.
PMID:18524985 (Link to Abstract)
|
Please Rate Educational Value!
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TAG
(OBQ08.20)
A 40-year-old runner complains of heel pain for 4 months. He reports tenderness over the abductor hallucis origin with a positive Tinel's sign radiating to the lateral foot. The pain worsens with prolonged activity. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Review Topic
DISCUSSION:
Patients with distal entrapment of the lateral plantar nerve or its branches usually present with chronic heel pain that has been present for 9-12 months. Many of their symptoms are similar to plantar fasciitis, especially the location of their pain and their startup pain. In addition to the mechanical symptoms of plantar fasciitis, they present with neuritic pain that is unrelated to weight bearing or loading of the foot. Baxter and Thigpen described a biomechanical basis for the entrapment of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve in the athlete. They proposed that entrapment results from the stretching and tethering of the plantar nerves, which are encased in the abductor hallucis deep fascial leashes, and from the hypertrophy of the small foot muscles, as well as from the increased forces in the hindfoot in the running athlete that create additional microtrauma to the runner's medial heel structures. They also noted that most of their patients with sports-related injuries had a normally arched or cavus-type foot.
REFERENCES:
1.
Baxter DE, Thigpen CM. Heel pain--operative results. Foot Ankle. 1984 Jul-Aug;5(1):16-25.
PMID:6479759 (Link to Abstract)
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TAG
(OBQ07.150)
Which nerve innervates the abductor digiti quinti and can be compressed as it travels under the fascia of the abductor hallucis muscle leading to symptoms of plantar heel pain?
Review Topic
DISCUSSION:
Most of the plantar aspect of the foot is derives its sensory innervation from the plantar nerves, which are the terminal sensory branches of the tibial nerve. The lateral plantar nerve innervates the abductor digiti quinti and travels across the heel, just anterior to the medial tuberosity of the calcaneus.
The first branch of the lateral plantar nerve passes between the deep taut fascia of the abductor hallucis muscle and the medial caudal margin of the medial head of the quadratus plantae muscle. The superfical branch of the peroneal nerve supplies the dorsum of the foot except the first web space (deep branch). The sural nerve supplies that lateral aspect of the foot and not the plantar surface.
Baxter et al showed good to excellent results in 89% of patients where they decompressed the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve for medial heel pain.
REFERENCES:
1.
Baxter DE, Pfeffer GB. Treatment of chronic heel pain by surgical release of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992 Jun;(279):229-36
PMID:1600660 (Link to Abstract)
|
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Videos
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There are various causes of common peroneal nerve palsy, however common peroneal...
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9/11/2012
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See More Videos
Groups
Level of Evidence 5 and Other Journal Articles (includes Case Reports, Expert Opinions,
Personal Observations, and Biomechanic Studies)
-
Glazebrook M, Amendola A. Athletic foot disorders. In: Kibler WB, ed. Orthopaedic Knowledge Update: Sports Medicine 4. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2009:185-197.
-
Neufeld SK, Cerrato R. Plantar fasciitis: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008 Jun;16(6):338-46. Review.
PMID:18524985 (Link to Abstract)
-
Baxter DE, Pfeffer GB. Treatment of chronic heel pain by surgical release of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992 Jun;(279):229-36
PMID:1600660 (Link to Abstract)
Textbooks
- Review of Orthopaedics, 6th Edition, Mark D. Miller MD, Stephen R. Thompson MBBS MEd FRCSC, Jennifer Hart MPAS PA-C ATC, an imprint of Elsevier, Philadelphia, Copyright 2012
- AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review, Jay R. Leiberman. Published by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2009
- Orthopaedic Knowledge Update 10, John M Flyn. Published by American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2011
- Hoppenfeld SP. Surgical Exposures in Orthopaedics: The Anatomic Approach. Lipponcott, Williams, and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, Copyright 2009
- Orthopaedic In-training Examination (OITE) Questions 2004-2012, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2004-2012
- Self-Assessment Examination (SAE) Questions 2004-2012, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont IL. Copyright 2004-2012
Undefined
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Baxter DE, Thigpen CM. Heel pain--operative results. Foot Ankle. 1984 Jul-Aug;5(1):16-25.
PMID:6479759 (Link to Abstract)
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