Introduction Epidemiology most common indication for knee surgery higher risk in ACL deficient knees Location medial tears more common than lateral tears the exception is in the setting of an acute ACL tear where lateral tears are more common degenerative tears in older patients usually occur in the posterior horn medial meniscus lateral tears more common in acute ACL tears Anatomy Anatomy of meniscus Classification Descriptive classification location red zone (outer third, vascularized) red-white zone (middle third) white zone (inner third, avascular) size pattern vertical/longitudinal common, especially with ACL tears repair when peripheral bucket handle vertical tear which may displace into the notch oblique/flap/parrot beak may cause mechanical locking symptoms radial horizontal more common in older population may be associated with meniscal cysts complex root Presentation Symptoms pain localizing to medial or lateral side mechanical symptoms (locking and clicking) delayed or intermittent swelling Exam joint line tenderness is the most sensitive physical examination finding effusion provocative tests Apley compression prone Thessaly test standing at 20 degrees of knee flexion on the affected limb, the patient twists with knee external and internal rotation with positive test being discomfort or clicking. McMurray's test flex the knee and place a hand on medial side of knee, externally rotate the leg and bring the knee into extension. a palpable pop / click + pain is a positive test and can correlate with a medial meniscus tear. Imaging Radiographs Should be normal in young patients with an acute meniscal injury Meniscal calcifications may be seen in crystalline arthropathy (ex. CPPD) MRI indications MRI is most sensitive diagnostic test, but also has a high false positive rate findings MRI grade III signal is indicative of a tear linear high signal that extends to either superior or inferior surface of the meniscus parameniscal cyst indicates the presence of a meniscal tear bucket handle menscal tears indicated by "double PCL" sign "double anterior horn" sign Treatment Non-operative rest, NSAIDS, rehabilitation indications indicated as first line of treatment for degenerative tears Operative partial meniscectomy indications tears not amenable to repair (complex, degenerative, radial tear patterns) repair failure >2 times outcomes >80% satisfactory function at minimum follow-up 50% have Fairbanks radiographic changes (osteophytes, flattening, joint space narrowing) predictors of success age <40yo normal alignment minimal or no arthritis single tear meniscal repair indications best candidate for repair is a tear with the following characteristics peripheral in the red-red zone (vascularized region) rim width is the distance from the tear to the peripheral meniscocapsular junction (blood supply). rim width correlates with the ability of a meniscal repair to heal (lower rim width has better blood supply) vertical and longitudinal tear rather than radial, horizontal or degenerative tear bucket handle meniscus tear 1-4 mm in length root tear acute repair combined with ACL reconstruction traditional literature report higher healing rates with concurrent ACL reconstruction current literature shows no difference in healing for 2nd generation all-inside repairs with/without concomittant ACL reconstruction technique (see below) outcomes 70-95% successful highest success when done with concomitant ACL reconstruction poor results with untreated ACL-deficiency (30%) meniscal transplantation indications young patients with near-total meniscectomy, especially lateral contraindications inflammatory arthritis instability marked obesity grade IV chondrosis (if not concurrently addressed) malalignment (if not concurrently addressed) diffuse arthritis technique (see below) outcomes requires 8-12 months for graft to fully heal return to sports by 6-9 months 10 year follow-up showed: persistent improvement in subjective pain and function scores most had radiographic progression of degenerative changes re-tears or extrusion are common total meniscectomy of historical interest only outcomes 20% have significant arthritic lesions and 70% have radiographic changes three years after surgery 100% have arthrosis at 20 years severity of degenerative changes is proportional to % of the meniscus that was removed Techniques Partial Meniscectomy approach standard arthroscopic approach technique minimize resection (DJD proportional to amount removed) do not use thermal (heat probes) postoperative early active range of motion prolonged immobilization (10 weeks) is detrimental to healing in a dog model Meniscal repair approach inside-out technique considered gold standard medial approach to capsule expose capsule by incising the sartorius fascia retract pes tendons / semimembranosus posteriorly developing plane between the medial gastrocnemius and capsule lateral approach to capsule develop plane between IT band and biceps tendon then retract lateral head of gastrocnemius posteriorly all-inside technique (suture devices with plastic or bioabsorbable anchors) most common many complications (device breakage, iatrogenic chondral injury) outside-in repair useful for anterior horn tears open repair uncommon except in trauma, knee dislocations technique vertical mattress sutures are strongest because they capture circumferential fibers healing is enhanced by rasping risks saphenous nerve and vein (medial approach) peroneal nerve (lateral approach) popliteal vessels Meniscal Transplantation technique bone to bone healing with plugs at each horn or a bridge between horns peripheral vertical mattress sutures correct sizing of the allograft is essential (commonly based on radiographs, within 5-10% error tolerated) Complications Saphenous neuropathy (7%) Arthrofibrosis (6%) Sterile effusion (2%) Peroneal neuropathy (1%) Superficial infection (1%) Deep infection (1%)
Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Lateral Meniscus Transplant Neil Duplantier Patrick McCulloch Knee & Sports - Meniscal Injury Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Medial Meniscus Transplant Neil Duplantier Knee & Sports - Meniscal Injury Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Meniscal Repair - Inside Out Neil Duplantier Knee & Sports - Meniscal Injury Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Meniscectomy Neil Duplantier Knee & Sports - Meniscal Injury Technique Guide Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Meniscus Repair All Inside Orthobullets Team Knee & Sports - Meniscal Injury
QUESTIONS 1 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ13.265) A 26-year-old elite female swimmer underwent a left medial meniscal allograft transplantation. She returns to clinic 3 years later with knee pain. What is the most likely cause for late presenting knee pain in this patient population? Review Topic QID: 4900 1 Late immune rejection of the meniscal graft 4% (205/5273) 2 Loss of graft fixation 14% (718/5273) 3 Osteoarthritis 12% (642/5273) 4 Graft tear due to acellularity 69% (3643/5273) 5 Late-onset graft infection 1% (34/5273) ML 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (OBQ13.257) A 38-year-old man is being considered for medial meniscus transplantation following an arthroscopic subtotal meniscectomy performed at the time of ACL reconstruction. His body mass index (BMI) is 28kg/m2. Laboratory tests are shown in Figure A. Standing long-leg radiographs reveal a 4 degree valgus deformity compared with the contralateral side, with the weightbearing line running through the lateral tibial spine. His arthroscopic photos also revealed a 1.7cm wide Outerbridge II chondral lesion over the lateral femoral condyle and synovitis. What factor in this patient is an absolute contraindication to meniscal transplantation? Review Topic QID: 4892 FIGURES: A 1 Rheumatoid arthritis 77% (3201/4177) 2 Previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allograft tissue 1% (41/4177) 3 Malalignment 14% (573/4177) 4 Chondral defect 7% (292/4177) 5 Body mass index 1% (32/4177) ML 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 1 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ11.93) The meniscal injury pattern of the left knee seen in the arthroscopic video shown in Figure A is best described as which of the following? Review Topic QID: 3516 FIGURES: V 1 Medial horizontal cleavage tear 5% (146/3224) 2 Lateral radial tear 4% (144/3224) 3 Medial parrot beak-type tear 86% (2775/3224) 4 Medial displaced bucket-handle tear 4% (126/3224) 5 Lateral cyclops tear 0% (10/3224) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ10.90) An 18-year-old football player sustained a twisting injury to his knee approximately 1 month ago. He complains of continued knee pain with occasional locking and catching. Figure A demonstrates the injury on a T1 sagittal MRI. What physical exam finding is classically seen with this injury? Review Topic QID: 3178 FIGURES: A 1 No endpoint with valgus stressing of the knee 3% (60/2149) 2 Positive apprehension sign with passive lateral patellar translation 12% (256/2149) 3 Painful click is elicited as the knee is brought from flexion to extension with internal or external rotation 82% (1770/2149) 4 No endpoint with varus stressing of the knee 1% (28/2149) 5 A positive posterior drawer and quadriceps active test 1% (21/2149) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK This is an AAOS Self assessment question. Orthobullets was not involved into the editorial process, and does not have the ability to alter. If you prefer to hide SAE questions on topics simply turn them off in your Content Settings (SAE07SM.22) Which of the following complications is more likely with an inside-out repair technique compared to an all-inside techniques for a medial meniscus tear? Review Topic QID: 8684 1 Failure 4% (9/200) 2 Intra-articular synovitis 0% (1/200) 3 Peroneal nerve injury 5% (10/200) 4 Saphenous nerve injury 86% (173/200) 5 Arthrofibrosis 3% (6/200) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 This is an AAOS Self assessment question. Orthobullets was not involved into the editorial process, and does not have the ability to alter. If you prefer to hide SAE questions on topics simply turn them off in your Content Settings (SAE07SM.8) When performing an inside-out lateral meniscal repair, capsule exposure is provided by developing the Review Topic QID: 8670 1 iliotibial band and biceps tendon interval, then retracting the lateral head of the gastrocnemius anteriorly. 3% (4/138) 2 iliotibial band and biceps tendon interval, then retracting the lateral head of the gastrocnemius posteriorly. 86% (119/138) 3 iliotibial band and biceps tendon interval, then retracting the lateral collateral ligament posteriorly. 6% (8/138) 4 iliotibial band and biceps tendon interval, then splitting the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. 1% (1/138) 5 lateral head of the gastrocnemius and biceps tendon interval, then retracting the biceps tendon anteriorly. 3% (4/138) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2 (SBQ07SM.8) Splitting between the iliotibial band and biceps tendon, then retracting the gastrocnemius posteriorly provides exposure for which of the following procedures? Review Topic QID: 1393 1 Two-incision ACL reconstruction 2% (31/1526) 2 Tibial-inlay PCL reconstruction 13% (198/1526) 3 Peroneal nerve exploration 9% (133/1526) 4 Inside-out medial meniscus repair 1% (22/1526) 5 Inside-out lateral meniscus repair 75% (1138/1526) ML 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 5 (OBQ07.192) Which of the following is NOT a contra-indication to isolated medial meniscal transplantation? Review Topic QID: 853 1 ACL deficiency 4% (21/571) 2 Patient age over thirty 78% (446/571) 3 Inflammatory arthritis 4% (23/571) 4 Varus alignment 8% (44/571) 5 Grade IV chondromalacia 6% (35/571) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2 (SBQ07SM.44) All of the following variables have a negative impact on the outcomes of isolated meniscal allograft transplantation EXCEPT? Review Topic QID: 1429 1 Axial malalignment 2% (8/521) 2 Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency 4% (19/521) 3 The use of a fresh frozen graft 82% (426/521) 4 Femoral condyle flattening 6% (30/521) 5 Graft size mismatch of 15% 7% (35/521) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 (SBQ07SM.7) An 18-year-old competitive tennis player sustains a twisting injury to his knee. He develops pain and swelling and is unable to straighten his knee. The MRI is shown in the Figure A. What is the most approriate treatment? Review Topic QID: 1392 FIGURES: A 1 Arthroscopic medial meniscectomy or repair 6% (66/1117) 2 Arthroscopic lateral meniscectomy or repair 91% (1014/1117) 3 Meniscus transplantation 1% (14/1117) 4 Physical therapy with gradual stretching exercises 2% (21/1117) 5 Corticosteroid injection for acute inflammation 0% (1/1117) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2 (SBQ07SM.22) Following meniscal repair, saphenous nerve injury is more common with which of the following techniques? Review Topic QID: 1407 1 Inside-out lateral repair 3% (39/1230) 2 All-inside lateral repair 1% (8/1230) 3 Inside-out medial repair 91% (1119/1230) 4 All-inside medial repair 5% (56/1230) 5 Equal rates for both lateral and medial 0% (5/1230) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 (OBQ06.88) A 16-year-old female field hockey player sustains a twisting injury to her knee. On exam, she cannot extend the knee past 30 degrees. Arthroscopy confirms a displaced bucket-handle tear of the lateral meniscus with a 3-mm peripheral rim. What is the most appropriate treatment? Review Topic QID: 199 1 Partial meniscectomy 5% (72/1339) 2 Sub-total meniscectomy 1% (9/1339) 3 Meniscal repair using all-inside bioabsorbable arrows/darts 6% (83/1339) 4 Meniscal repair using inside-out horizontal mattress sutures 14% (183/1339) 5 Meniscal repair using inside-out vertical mattress sutures 74% (986/1339) ML 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 5 (OBQ06.9) A "double PCL sign" seen on a sagittal MRI image of a knee is indicative of which of the following conditions? Review Topic QID: 20 1 Skeletal immaturity 1% (8/1207) 2 ACL tear 2% (29/1207) 3 PCL injury 2% (24/1207) 4 Combined ACL and PCL tear 3% (33/1207) 5 Bucket-handle meniscal tear 92% (1108/1207) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 5 (OBQ05.260) Tears in the peripheral one-third of the meniscus have higher healing rates following meniscal repair than those in a more central location. This clinical observation is explained by which of the following anatomic factors? Review Topic QID: 1146 1 Increased blood supply 98% (668/683) 2 Increased elesticity 0% (1/683) 3 Increased type II collagen 0% (2/683) 4 Increased type I collagen 0% (3/683) 5 Increased glycosaminoglycan content 0% (3/683) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 1 (SBQ04SM.31) A young athlete sustains an isolated meniscal tear and undergoes arthroscopy. The surgeon performs a meniscal repair. Which of the following factors is most important in determining healing rates? Review Topic QID: 2116 1 Days from injury to repair 6% (63/1086) 2 Medial versus lateral meniscus 3% (29/1086) 3 Width of the meniscal rim 91% (984/1086) 4 Use of growth hormone 0% (1/1086) 5 Dominant versus non-dominant leg 0% (4/1086) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 (OBQ04.270) A 19-year-old male is playing football and hears a pop in his left knee during a tackle 12 days ago. He was unable to return to the game and reports a large amount of swelling in the knee. On examination today he lacks full extension. A coronal and sagittal MRI is shown in Figures A and B, respectively. Which of the following is the best next step in management. Review Topic QID: 1375 FIGURES: A B 1 Rest and icing followed by physical therapy for definitive management 7% (41/600) 2 Arthroscopic removal of osteochondral loose body 5% (29/600) 3 Arthroscopic meniscus repair followed by immediate joint mobilization 71% (428/600) 4 Physical therapy for immediate joint mobilization followed by delayed arthroscopic PCL reconstruction once ROM is near normal 7% (41/600) 5 Immediate ACL reconstruction 10% (59/600) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3
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