Summary Calcaneus fractures are the most common fractured tarsal bone and are associated with a high degree of morbidity and disability. Diagnosis is made radiographically with foot radiographs with CT scan often being required for surgical planning. Treatment is nonoperative versus operative based on fracture displacement and alignment, associated soft tissue injury, and patient risk factors. Epidemiology Incidence common most frequent tarsal fracture 60-75% of injuries are intra-articular fractures 1-3% are calcaneal tuberosity fractures Anatomic location 17% are open fractures no significant increase in infection rates increased risk for wound complications calcaneal tuberosity fractures peak incidence in women in seventh decade of life Etiology Pathophysiology mechanism intra-articular fractures traumatic axial loading is the primary mechanism of injury fall from height motor-vehicle accidents calcaneal tuberosity fractures poor bone quality/osteoporosis violent contaction of the triceps surae with forced dorsiflexion strong concentric contaction of the triceps surae with knee in full extension intrinsic tightness of the gastrocnemius and achilles tendon peripheral neuropathy leading to decreased pain sensation and proprioception resulting in recurrent microtrauma calcaneal stress fractures increased physical activity in the setting of relative energy deficiency anterior process fractures twisting injury mechanism avulsion injury of the bifurcate ligament pathoanatomy intra-articular fractures primary fracture line results from oblique shear and leads to the following two primary fragments superomedial fragment (constant fragment) includes the sustentaculum tali and is stabilized by strong ligamentous and capsular attachments superolateral fragment includes an intra-articular aspect through the posterior facet secondary fracture lines dictate whether there is joint depression or tongue-type fracture extra-articular fractures strong contraction of gastrocnemius-soleus with concomitant avulsion at its insertion site on calcaneus more common in osteopenic/osteoporotic bone anterior process fractures inversion and plantar flexion of the foot cause avulsion of the bifurcate ligament Associated injuries orthopaedic extension into the calcaneocuboid joint occurs in 63% vertebral injuries in 10% contralateral calcaneus in 10% Anatomy Osteology articular facets superolateral fragment contains the articular facets superior articular surface contains three facets that articulate with the talus posterior facet is the largest and is the major weight bearing surface the flexor hallucis longus tendon is medial to the posterior facet and inferior to the medial facet and can be injured with errant drills/screws that are too long middle facet is anteromedial on sustentaculum tali anterior facet is often confluent with middle facet sinus tarsi between the middle and posterior facets lies the interosseous sulcus (calcaneal groove) that together with the talar sulcus makes up the sinus tarsi sustentaculum tali projects medially and supports the neck of talus FHL passes beneath it represented by the constant fragment deltoid and talocalcaneal ligament connect it to the talus contained in the anteromedial fragment, which remains "constant" due to medial talocalcaneal and interosseous ligaments bifurcate ligament connects the dorsal aspect of the anterior process to the cuboid and navicular Classification Extra-articular (25%) avulsion injury of anterior process by bifurcate ligament sustentaculum tali calcaneal tuberosity (Achilles tendon avulsion) Intra-articular (75%) Essex-Lopresti classification the primary fracture line runs obliquely through the posterior facet forming two fragments the secondary fracture line runs in one of two planes the axial plane beneath the facet exiting posteriorly in tongue-type fractures when the superolateral fragment and posterior facet remain attached to the tuberosity posteriorly behind the posterior facet in joint depression fractures Sanders classification based on the number of articular fragments seen on the coronal CT image at the widest point of the posterior facet Sanders classification Type I Nondisplaced posterior facet (regardless of number of fracture lines) Type II One fracture line in the posterior facet (two fragments) Type III Two fracture lines in the posterior facet (three fragments) Type IV Comminuted with more than three fracture lines in the posterior facet (four or more fragments) Beavis classification based on fracture morphology of the calcaneus tuberosity Beavis Classification(based on fracture of tuberosity) Type 1 Sleeve fracture - small shell of cortical bone avulses from the tuberosity Type 2 Beak fracture - oblique fracture line runs posteriorly from most superior portion of the posterior facet Type 3 Infrabursal fracture from the middle of the tuberosity Presentation Symptoms pain swelling inability to bear weight gross deformity open fracture Physical exam inspection ecchymosis and swelling shortened and widened heel may have apparent varus deformity open skin lesions or fractures posterior heel skin compromise tenting, ecchymosis, or lack of skin blanching with tuberosity fractures neccessitates urgent sugical reduction and fixation to avoid posterior heel skin necrosis fracture blisters must be debrided and epithelialized prior to surgical intervention palpation diffuse tenderness to palpation lack of heel cord continuity in avulsion fractures lack of posterior heel skin blanching with tenting fractures assess for compartment syndrome secondary to swelling rare presence of Langer's lines and skin wrinkles suggests skin is appropriate for surgical intervention strength decreased ankle plantarflexion strength with avulsion fractures neurologic assess for neuologic compromise due to swelling vascular assess peripheral pulses severe peripheral vascular disease may preclude surgical treatment due to poor wound healing potential Imaging Radiographs recommended views AP lateral oblique optional views Broden allows visualization of posterior facet useful for evaluation of intraoperative reduction of posterior facet with ankle in neutral dorsiflexion and ~45 degrees internal rotation, take x-rays at 40, 30, 20, and 10 degrees cephalad from neutral Harris visualizes tuberosity fragment widening, shortening, and varus positioning place the foot in maximal dorsiflexion and angle the x-ray beam 45 degrees AP ankle demonstrates lateral wall extrusion causing fibular impingement findings double-density sign represents subtalar incongruity indicates partial separation of facet from sustentaculum lateral portion of the posterior facet calcaneal shortening varus tuberosity deformity decreased Böhler's angle angle between line from highest point of anterior process to highest point of posterior facet + line tangential to superior edge of tuberosity measured on lateral view normal 20-40° represents collapse of the posterior facet increased angle of Gissane angle between line along lateral margin of posterior facet + line anterior to beak of calcaneus measured on lateral view normal 120-145° represents collapse of the posterior facet CT indications gold standard should perform 2-3 mm cuts views 30-degree semicoronal demonstrates posterior and middle facet displacement axial demonstrates calcaneocuboid joint involvement sagittal demonstrates tuberosity displacement MRI indications used only to diagnose calcaneal stress fractures in the presence of normal radiographs and/or uncertain diagnosis Treatment Nonoperative cast immobilization with nonweightbearing for 6 weeks indications calcaneal stress fractures cast immobilization with nonweightbearing for 10 to 12 weeks indications small extra-articular fracture (<1 cm) with intact Achilles tendon and <2 mm displacement Sanders Type I (nondisplaced) near normal Böhler's angles (20-40°) anterior process fracture involving <25% of calcaneocuboid joint comorbidities that preclude good surgical outcome (smoker, diabetes, PVD) avoids the high wound complications seen with these fractures minimally displaced tuberosity fractures (<1 cm of displacement) without threatened soft-tissue envelope in elderly patients with reduced function or physical capacity techniques begin early range of motion exercises once swelling allows Operative closed reduction with percutaneous pinning indications minimally displaced tongue-type fxs or those with mild shortening large extra-articular fractures (>1 cm) early reduction prevents skin sloughing and need for subsequent flap coverage ideal in patients with sever peripheral vascular disease or severe soft-tissue compromise techniques lag screws from posterior superior tuberosity directed inferior and distal ORIF indications displaced tongue-type fractures >1 cm displacement threatened soft tissue require urgent reduction and fixation to avoid skin necrosis (disastrous consequence) open fractures open reduction allows for sufficient debridement of contaminated tissue inability to participate in closed treatment large extra-articular > 2 mm displacement Sanders Type II and III posterior facet displacement >2 to 3 mm, flattening of Bohler angle, or varus malalignment of the tuberosity anterior process fracture with >25% involvement of calcaneocuboid joint displaced sustentaculum fractures timing wait 10-14 days until swelling and blisters resolve and wrinkle sign present 10-14 days no benefit to early surgery due to significant soft tissue swelling displaced tuberosity fractures with posterior skin compromise should be addressed urgently outcomes surgical outcome correlates with the number of intra-articular fragments and the quality of articular reduction surgical treatment decreases the risk of post-traumatic arthritis factors associated with a poor outcome age > 50 (similar outcomes with surgical and nonsurgical treatment) obesity initial Böhler's angle <0° (these injuries do poorly regardless of treatment) lower Böhler angles suggest greater energy absorbed manual labor open fractures (significant soft tissue injury and engery absorbed) workers comp smokers (poor wound healing) bilateral calcaneal fractures (significant gait problems following bilateral injuries) multiple trauma vasculopathies men do worse with surgery than women factors associated with most likely need for a secondary subtalar fusion male worker's compensation patient who participates in heavy labor work with an initial Böhler angle less than 0 degrees primary subtalar arthrodesis indications Sanders Type IV techniques combined with ORIF to restore height Techniques Cast immobilization with nonweightbearing for 6 weeks techniques: standard short-leg cast for calcaneal stress fractures nonweight bearing cast well-padded heel Cast immobilization with nonweightbearing for 10-12 weeks techniques: standard short-leg cast applied with mild equinus windowed over posterior heel to allow for frequent skin checks requires close follow-up to determine if pull of gastrocnemius-soleus dispaces fracture weekly cast changes are necessary due to high incidence of skin complications high incidence of vascular insufficiency and diabetes in this population Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning ideal for poor soft tissue coverage or patients with peripheral vascular disease techniques: Steinmann pin placed into the fracture site anteromedially-to-posterolateral to leverage fragments into place additional K-wires and Steinmann pins are placed from posterior-to-anterior and lateral-to-medial to secure remaining bone fragments calcaneal transfixin pin can be used to distract fracture percutaneus tamps and elevators can be used to raise the articular surface pins are cut flush with the skin and removed 8-10 weeks post-op can be combined with distracting external fixator pins placed in calcaneal tuberosity, cuboid, and distal tibia restor calcaneal height, width, and alignment can be combined with percutaneous cannulated screws ORIF extensile lateral or medial approach techniques: extensile lateral L-shaped incision is most popular vertical portion inbetween posterio fibula and achilles tendon horizontal portion in line with 5th metatarsal base a more inferior incision protects the sural nerve high rate of wound complications provides access to the calcaneocuboid and subtalar joints full-thickness skin, soft tissue, and periosteal flaps are developed flap supplied by lateral calcaneal branch of peroneal artery superior flap contains the calcaneofibular ligaments and peroneal tendon sheath sural nerve and peroneal tendons are retracted superiorly lateral calcaneal wall visualized fracture opened and medial wall reduced going medial to lateral reduction confirmed indirectly via fluoroscopy tuberosity reduction is done under direct visualization manual traction, Schanz pins, and minidistractors pin in tuberosity aids with reduction height and length of tuberosity is recreated quality of reduction affects outcomes provisional fixtaion was K-wires definitive fixation with plates and screws bone grafting provided no added benefit goals: restore congruity of subtalar joint restore Böhler's angle and calcaneal height restore width correct varus malalignment sinus tarsi approach minimally invasive incision that minimizes soft tissue dissesction reduces wound complications associated with extensile lateral incision allows direct visualization of the posterior facet, anterolateral fragment, and lateral wall lower incidence of sural nerve neuralgia same incision can be utilized for secondary subtalar arthrodesis or peroneal tendon debridement decreased surgical time techniques: patient placed in lateral decubitus position incision made in line with the tip of the fibula and the base of the 4th metatarsal 2-4 cm in length extensor digitorum brevis retracted cephalad to expose sinus tarsi and posterior facet peroneal tendons retracted posteriorly Schanz pin inserted percutaneously in posteroinferior tuberosity going from lateral to medial provides distraction and aids with reduction fibrous debris and fat removed from sinus tarsi small elevator or lamina spreader placed under posterior facet fragment to aid in reduction K-wires inserted for provisional fixation aimed towards the sustentaculum two screw are placed lateral-to-medial to engage sustentaculum and support facet one large fully threaded screw from posterior-to-anterior to support axial length of calcaneus low-profile plate is applied underneath a well developed soft tissue envelope with screws engaging anterolateral and tuberosity fragments nonweight bearing for 6-8 weeks post-op with ankle range-of-motion exercises beginning 2 weeks post-op Essex-Lopresti manuever manipulate the heel to increase the calcaneal varus deformity plantarflex the forefoot manipulate the heel to correct the varus deformity with a valgus reduction stabilize the reduction with percutaneous K-wires or open fixation as described above arthroscopic-assisted reduction and internal fixation benefits: decreased soft-tissue dissection preservation of local blood supply removal of loose bone fragments improved visualization of articular surface and carilage lesions cons: increased set-up increased swelling from fluid extravasation technically challenging can be combined with sinus tarsi approach technqiues: patient positioned in lateral decubitus position fluoroscopy unit positioned posterior and oblique to patient allows for axial hindfoot views anterolateral and posterolateral portals are used to visualize posterior facet 2.4 mm 0° arthroscope interosseous ligament is preserved hematoma is irrigated loose bodies and cartilage fragments are removed with a shaver Freer elevator is introduced into one of the portal sites and used to elevate the posterior facet reduction can be visualized directly Schanz pin to control tuberosity fragment cannulated screws from the posterior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity to the anterior aspect of the calcaneus restores and stabilizes length lateral-to-medial screws placed in sustentaculum buttress screw from the posterior aspect of the calcaneal tuberosity to the subchondral bone of the posterior facet posterior approach for calcaneal tuberosity fractures techniques: patient positioned prone on table posterior midline incision fracture fragment is mobilized and debrided plantar flexion of foot aids with reduction presence of gastrocnemius tightness may preclude reduction Strayer procedure may be performed to aid in reduction provisional fixation with K-wires final fixation with either lag screws tension-band constructs figure-of-8 tension-band wire passed around ends of K-wires or cannulated screws suture fixation Krackow sutures passing through bone tunnels restricted weight bearing for 6 weeks followed by progression of weight bearing an additional 6 weeks Primary subtalar arthrodesis performed in highly comminuted Sanders IV intraarticular fractures high rate of secondary fusion after ORIF with these injuries avoids added treatment costs and decreases time off from work techniques: can be performed through an extensile lateral or sinus tarsi approach fracture reduction is perfromed in a similar fashion as ORIF articular cartilage of the subtalar joint denuded to bleeding subchondral bone cannulated compression screws are placed from the posterio calcaneal tuberosity to the talar dome lateral fixation plate applied to hold reduction Complications Wound complications (10-25%) increased risk in smokers, diabetics, and open injuries may consider nonoperative treatment in these patients tongue type fractures at high risk (>20%) for posterior skin necrosis should be splinted in 30 degrees of planarflexion to relieve soft tissue tension keep all hardware away from the corner of the incision delayed wound healing is the most common complication Subtalar arthritis increased with nonoperative management can be addressed with ankle bracing (gauntlet type), NSAIDs, injections, and physical therapy may require bone block subtalar arthrodesis to address loss of calcaneal height important when there are symptoms of anterior ankle impingement in-situ arthrodesis with preserved calcaneal height Lateral impingement with peroneal irritation Sural nerve neuroma Damaged FHL at risk with placement of lateral to medial screws, especially at level of sustentaculum tali (constant fragment) Compartment syndrome (10%) results in claw toes Malunion introduction loss of height, widening, and lateral impingement physical exam limited ankle dorsiflexion due to dorsiflexed talus with talar declination angle <20 classification (see below) treatment distraction bone block subtalar arthrodesis indications chronic pain from subtalar joint incongruous subtalar joint/post-traumatic DJD loss of calcaneal height mechanical block to ankle dorsiflexion results from posterior talar collapse into the posterior calcaneus technique goal is to correct hindfoot height ankle impingement subfibular impingement subtalar arthritis Malunion CT Classification & Treatment Type I • Lateral exostosis with no subtalar arthritis• Treat with lateral wall resection Type II • Lateral exostosis with subtalar arthritis• Treat with lateral wall resection and subtalar fusion Type III • Lateral exostosis, subtalar arthritis, and varus malunion• Treat with lateral wall resection, subtalar fusion, and +/- valgus osteotomy (controversial) Prognosis Poor with 40% complication rate increased due to mechanism (fall from height), smoking, and early surgery lateral soft tissue trauma increases the rate of complication
Technique Guide Technique guides are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including ABOS, EBOT and RC. Calcaneal Fracture ORIF with Lateral Approach, Plate Fixation, and Locking Screws Team Orthobullets (D) Trauma - Calcaneus Fractures
QUESTIONS 1 of 53 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (SBQ18FA.3) A 36-year-old male sustains the closed injury shown in Figure A after falling from a ladder. He is treated nonoperatively. Two years following the injury he presents to the clinic complaining of laterally based hindfoot pain which is worsened when walking on uneven surfaces. His tibiotalar motion remains pain-free. He obtains good pain relief with a steroid injection into the sinus tarsi. What additional treatment modality is appropriate at this time? QID: 211132 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 ASO/Lace-up ankle brace 9% (117/1349) 2 Arizona/Gauntlet ankle brace 31% (415/1349) 3 Custom orthotic with arch support and medial wedging 24% (328/1349) 4 UCBL ankle brace 14% (191/1349) 5 Distraction bone block arthrodesis 21% (288/1349) L 5 Question Complexity A Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (SBQ12FA.97) Which of the following arteries supplies the surgical flap in the extensile open treatment of the injury shown in Figure A? QID: 3904 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Lateral calcaneal branch of the anterior tibial artery 13% (209/1570) 2 Lateral calcaneal branch of the peroneal artery 69% (1081/1570) 3 Lateral malleolar branch of the peroneal artery 11% (167/1570) 4 Lateral malleolar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery 2% (36/1570) 5 Lateral malleolar branch of the anterior tibial artery 4% (60/1570) L 3 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (SBQ12FA.56) A 25-year-old woman began training for a marathon and she reports a 2-week history of heel pain. She has pain throughout the day that worsens with prolonged weight-bearing. On exam, the location of maximal tenderness is indicated by the white arrow in Figure A. The patient denies point tenderness at the location of the yellow arrow in Figure A. Which of the following MRI images (Figures B to F) would you expect to find in this patient? QID: 3863 FIGURES: A B C D E F Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Figure B 8% (222/2874) 2 Figure C 51% (1479/2874) 3 Figure D 15% (432/2874) 4 Figure E 7% (212/2874) 5 Figure F 18% (506/2874) L 4 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (SBQ12FA.1) Figure A is a radiograph of a healthy, independent 51-year-old male. He is treated with immediate open reduction internal fixation to prevent which of the following complications? QID: 3808 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Fracture non-union 1% (23/1827) 2 Avascular necrosis 2% (41/1827) 3 Skin necrosis 92% (1672/1827) 4 Plantar flexion weakness 3% (63/1827) 5 Ankle stiffness 0% (9/1827) L 1 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ12.265) A 25-year-old, training for a marathon, presents with persistent heel pain over the past several weeks. He has difficulty with ambulation and has an antalgic gait. A squeeze test of the heel is positive. A lateral foot radiograph is shown Figure A. Of the options listed below, what is the most appropriate next step in management? QID: 4625 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 EMG/NCV study 1% (22/3276) 2 Heel pad cortisone injection 2% (68/3276) 3 Physical therapy with Graston techniques to plantar fascia 8% (259/3276) 4 MRI of the foot 74% (2427/3276) 5 Non-weight bearing cast for 4-6 months 15% (486/3276) L 3 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ12.83) A 19-year-old military recruit complains of 7 weeks of right heel pain. He notes the pain is worse with jumping and long distance running. He has completed a course of plantar fascia and Achilles tendon stretching with no significant improvement in his symptoms. He denies constitutional symptoms. On examination, his body mass index is 22, he has a normal foot posture and can perform a single leg heel rise without difficulty. There is no pain with palpation of the lateral border of the foot or with external rotation stress to the midfoot. There is tenderness with medial and lateral compression of the hindfoot and there is a negative syndesmosis squeeze test. There is a negative Tinel's sign at the tibial nerve. Axial and lateral radiographs are shown in Figures A and B. What is the most appropriate next step in management? QID: 4443 FIGURES: A B Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Heel pad cortisone injection 3% (162/5268) 2 Platelet rich plasma injection and 6 weeks of physical therapy 1% (77/5268) 3 Restricted weight bearing and magnetic resonance imaging of the foot 83% (4398/5268) 4 Release of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve 2% (105/5268) 5 ASTYM or Graston physical therapy techniques to the achilles and plantar fascia 9% (489/5268) L 2 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ11.116) A 47-year-old male presents with a one month history of heel pain after starting marathon training. The heel is tender when squeezed. A foot radiograph is shown in Figure A, and an MRI is obtained which is shown in Figures B and C. What is the most likely diagnosis? QID: 3539 FIGURES: A B C Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Osteomyelitis 0% (7/3483) 2 Acute fracture 1% (19/3483) 3 Subtalar arthritis 1% (38/3483) 4 Achilles tendinitis 9% (307/3483) 5 Stress fracture 89% (3099/3483) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ10.208) A 26-year-old male sustains a comminuted, intra-articular calcaneus fracture and subsequently undergoes operative intervention as shown in Figure A. Postoperatively in the recovery room, he presents with an isolated, fixed flexed great toe. What is the most likely etiology of this finding? QID: 3301 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Use of a lateral extensile approach to the calcaneus 2% (84/4364) 2 Calcaneal tuberosity varus malalignment 3% (137/4364) 3 Use of screws in the constant fragment that are too long 87% (3804/4364) 4 Missed foot compartment syndrome 5% (212/4364) 5 Plantar nerve palsy 2% (103/4364) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ10.19) A 47-year-old male sustained a comminuted calcaneus fracture in a motorcyle accident. He subsequently develops the post-traumatic condition shown in Figure A. All of the following would be indications for a subtalar distraction arthrodesis using a bone graft instead of an in-situ subtalar arthrodesis EXCEPT: QID: 3107 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Decreased calcaneus height 2% (65/2696) 2 Decreased talocalcaneal angle 3% (76/2696) 3 Decreased talar declination angle 5% (124/2696) 4 Presence of a collapsed subtalar joint from AVN 18% (480/2696) 5 Presence of full ankle dorsiflexion with no tibiotalar impingement 72% (1934/2696) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ09.73) A 42-year-old male sustains the injury seen in figure A. What negative sequelae would occur with displacement of this fracture in the characteristic fashion? QID: 2886 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Post-traumatic subtalar arthrosis 4% (44/1232) 2 Stress fracture of the fibula 0% (2/1232) 3 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 0% (6/1232) 4 Achilles tendon rupture 3% (33/1232) 5 Posterior skin necrosis 93% (1145/1232) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ08.76) A 28 year-old-male presents with the injury pattern seen in Figure A. Which of the following is a risk factor for wound complications following operative treatment? QID: 462 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Open injury 87% (708/815) 2 Workers' Compensation involvement 8% (68/815) 3 Adjunct use of allograft 1% (7/815) 4 Contralateral calcaneus fracture 1% (11/815) 5 Male sex 2% (20/815) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ08.43) A patient sustains a comminuted calcaneus fracture. Three months after the injury the patient complains of shoewear problems secondary to clawing of the lesser toes. What is the most likely explanation for this deformity? QID: 429 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Sural nerve injury 1% (21/1416) 2 Tethering of the flexor hallucis longus by fracture fragments 6% (89/1416) 3 Medial plantar nerve neuropathy 4% (61/1416) 4 Weakness of the tibialis posterior 2% (31/1416) 5 Unrecognized foot compartment syndrome 85% (1205/1416) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ07.269) Which of the following patients who sustained a calcaneal fracture will most likely undergo an eventual subtalar fusion? QID: 930 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Male worker's compensation patient who participates in heavy labor work with an initial Böhler angle less than 0 degrees 83% (880/1062) 2 Female worker's compensation patient who participates in heavy labor work with an initial Böhler angle >15 degrees 2% (17/1062) 3 Male non-worker's compensation patient who participates in heavy labor work with an initial Böhler angle less than 0 degrees 5% (55/1062) 4 Male worker's compensation patient who participates in heavy labor work with an initial Böhler angle >15 degrees 7% (78/1062) 5 Female non-worker's compensation patient who participates in heavy labor work with an initial Böhler less than 0 degrees 2% (21/1062) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ07.183) A 55-year-old male sustained a Sanders IV intra-articular calcaneus fracture two years ago that was treated nonoperatively. He presents to your office with a mechanical block preventing his ankle from dorsiflexing to neutral, continued severe pain and a widened heel. Radiographs show significant loss of calcaneal height and an incongruous subtalar joint. What is the most appropriate surgical treatment at this time? QID: 844 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Arthroscopic debridement of the subtalar joint and subfibular recess with in situ subtalar joint arthrodesis 6% (71/1226) 2 Distraction bone block subtalar arthrodesis 74% (912/1226) 3 Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis 12% (143/1226) 4 Corrective intra-articular osteotomy of the calcaneus 3% (42/1226) 5 Arthroscopic debridement of the subtalar joint and subfibular recess with lateral distraction opening wedge calcaneal osteotomy 4% (53/1226) L 1 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ07.211) In the treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures, surgical reduction and fixation has been shown to have improved outcomes over nonoperative treatment in all of the following patient groups EXCEPT: QID: 872 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Sedentary job 17% (193/1150) 2 Sanders IIb fractures 7% (79/1150) 3 Women 6% (67/1150) 4 Younger age (<29 years old) 7% (76/1150) 5 Previous calcaneus fracture 63% (729/1150) L 2 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 5 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ07.176) The flexor hallucis longus tendon is at greatest risk of injury with a lateral-to-medial drill or screw during fixation of what structure? QID: 837 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Lisfranc fracture-dislocation 4% (92/2117) 2 Navicular body fracture 4% (88/2117) 3 Intra-articular calcaneus fracture 78% (1645/2117) 4 Nutcracker cuboid fracture 2% (33/2117) 5 Talar neck fracture 12% (252/2117) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 3 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ06.272) A 42-year-old female undergoes a subtalar bone block distraction arthrodesis as sequelae of a nonoperatively treated calcaneus fracture ten years prior. This procedure improves which of the following issues? QID: 283 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Subtalar joint stiffness 20% (360/1835) 2 Midfoot supination 6% (119/1835) 3 Sinus tarsi impingement 32% (595/1835) 4 Anterior ankle impingement 40% (739/1835) 5 Hammertoe deformity 0% (9/1835) L 4 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ06.126) A 27-year-old male sustains closed injuries to his right foot in a motor vehicle collision. He is a nonsmoker. A radiograph and computed tomography scan are provided in Figures A and B. All of the following are prognostic of a superior outcome with operative treatment EXCEPT: QID: 312 FIGURES: A B Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Male 73% (1608/2199) 2 Works as an attorney 14% (313/2199) 3 Nonsmoker 1% (18/2199) 4 Twenty-seven years old 6% (130/2199) 5 He was injured while off his job 5% (118/2199) L 2 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ06.143) A 48-year-old female sustains the injury seen in Figure A. Which of the following preoperative variables has been shown to be associated with improved outcomes following surgical treatment of this injury pattern? QID: 329 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Patients with a heavier workload 2% (27/1755) 2 Patients receiving Worker's Compensation 2% (30/1755) 3 Gissane angle of 140° 27% (480/1755) 4 Böhler angle of > 15° 55% (966/1755) 5 Comminuted posterior facet 14% (240/1755) L 4 Question Complexity C Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ05.168) A 42-year-old male sustains the closed injury shown in Figure A. Which of the following factors is associated with improved outcomes with open reduction and internal fixation? QID: 1054 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Age > 40 2% (21/1304) 2 Smoking 1% (10/1304) 3 Male sex 5% (60/1304) 4 No worker's compensation involvement 91% (1192/1304) 5 Career as construction worker 1% (18/1304) L 2 Question Complexity B Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 4 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ04.163) A 35-year-old patient sustains a left calcaneus fracture. Which of the following fractures has the highest risk of post-traumatic arthritis? QID: 1268 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Male patient, Sanders Type III fracture, treated with ORIF 52% (832/1595) 2 Male patient, Sanders Type II fracture, treated with ORIF and bone graft 1% (20/1595) 3 Female patient, workers compensation, Sanders Type I fracture, treated non-operatively 2% (28/1595) 4 Female patient, Sanders Type II fracture, treated non-operatively 30% (485/1595) 5 Female patient, workers compensation, Sanders Type II fracture, treated with ORIF 14% (224/1595) L 4 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic (OBQ04.261) Which of the following statements is true regarding the superomedial fragment of an intra-articular calcaneus fracture? QID: 1366 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Fragment typically does not move due to its attachment to the Achilles tendon 2% (24/1223) 2 Fragment has the flexor hallucis longus wrap inferiorly around it 65% (798/1223) 3 Fragment typically does not move due to its attachment to the navicular 21% (258/1223) 4 Fragment typically displaces superior and laterally 4% (48/1223) 5 Fragment has the tibialis posterior wrap inferiorly around it 7% (88/1223) L 3 Question Complexity D Question Importance Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Review Tested Concept Review Full Topic
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