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Body mass index
1%
11/1517
Femoral notch width
4%
59/1517
Generalized ligamentous laxity
9%
130/1517
Neuromuscular factors
69%
1047/1517
Limb alignment
17%
265/1517
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Hewett showed that increased valgus moments when jumping and landing and a relative weakness of hamstrings compared to quadriceps are present in female athetes and may contribute to higher ACL tear rates. It has subsequently been shown that neuromuscular training to address these issues can result in a reduction of ACL injuries in select groups of female athletes. Uhorchak conducted a 4 year study on 895 US Military cadets, there were 24 noncontact ACL tears. Significant risk factors for noncontact ACL tears included small femoral notch width, generalized joint laxity, and in women, higher than normal BMI and KT-2000 arthrometer values (indicating laxity). In the second study 205 females in high-risk sports were prospectively measured for neuromuscular control during a jump-landing task. It appears that increased valgus motion and valgus moments at the knee joint during the impact phase of jump-landing tasks are key predictors of an increased potential for ACL injury in females. The Alentorn-Geli paper reviews these risk factors in the soccer population.
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