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Open reduction and internal fixation
4%
7/182
Observation
37%
68/182
Closed reduction
46%
83/182
Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning
2%
4/182
Figure-of-8 brace
9%
16/182
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The medial clavicular epiphysis is the last to fuse (age 22 to 25 in men) and sternoclavicular injuries are often Salter-Harris type II fractures in this age group, with opportunity to remodel. Closed reduction is generally not necessary and has a high recurrence rate. Closed reduction is necessary with posterior dislocations associated with compression of the trachea, esophagus, or great vessels. Figure-of-8 bracing has not been shown to secure a sternoclavicular reduction.
2.2
(32)
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