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Bracing and physical therapy
1%
11/1000
Intra-articular injection of steroids into the ankle joint, bracing, and physical therapy
14/1000
Intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid product into the ankle joint, bracing, and physical therapy
0%
3/1000
Ankle fusion
15%
148/1000
Corrective osteotomy of the fibula and medial malleolus with reconstruction of the syndesmosis if unstable
82%
817/1000
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Corrective osteotomy of fibular malunions, with appropriate lengthening, even in the presence of early arthritis, has been shown to decrease ankle pain and increase stability. Reduction and bone grafting of the medial malleolar nonunion is also needed. There is no evidence supporting the use of intra-articular steroids or hyaluronic acid in the ankle joint. Lateral talar displacement of even 1 mm has been reproducibly shown to decrease tibiotalar contact by 40% to 42%, causing a predisposition to arthritis.
4.2
(13)
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