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Pulse oximeter measurement at the great toe
1%
2/351
Angiography
2%
7/351
Measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI)
87%
305/351
Doppler ultrasound
4%
14/351
Assessment of capillary refill in the nail beds
5%
16/351
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A high index of suspicion should exist for an arterial injury after any knee dislocation. Due to collateral circulation around the knee, pulses may still be present, as well as normal capillary refill. Though angiography is the gold standard for assessment of both major and minor (intimal) injury to the arterial system, it is invasive and not always readily available. Assessment of the ABI can be done without specialized equipment and personnel. When the ABI (systolic BP distal to injury/systolic BP of uninjured upper extremity) is less than 0.9, consideration of invasive testing or surgical exploration is recommended.
2.0
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