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They function to minimize joint stress
2%
98/4241
Secondary injuries of the lower limb joints can be prevented
1%
59/4241
They are associated with lower maximal heart rates when matched against comparable land exercises
12%
521/4241
Oxygen consumption is increased when compared to equivalent exercises on land
7%
298/4241
The vertical component of the ground reaction forces increases compared to equivalent exercises on land
76%
3241/4241
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Exercises in water can minimize joint stress by decreasing the vertical component of the ground reaction forces through buoyancy. Furthermore, they are believed to prevent secondary injuries of the lower limb joints through improved balance and muscle control. In addition, it has been found that aquatic exercises can be beneficial to the cardiorespiratory system by preventing abrupt increases in heart rate, and by requiring greater oxygen consumption than equivalent exercises on land. Miyoshi et al quantified the ankle, knee, and hip joint moments during walking in water in comparison with those on land with the use of a video-motion analysis system in eight healthy volunteers who walked at a speed comfortable for them. They concluded that walking in water could be designed to incorporate large muscle activities, especially lower limb extensor muscles, through the full range of joint motion, while minimizing joint moments.
2.6
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