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Degenerative lumbar spine changes
0%
5/1283
Ipsilateral ankle pain and stiffness
67%
858/1283
Ipsilateral hip joint degenerative changes
4%
52/1283
Contralateral hip joint degenerative changes
1%
18/1283
Ipsilateral medial knee degenerative changes
27%
342/1283
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A significant malunion of the distal tibia has important consequences for patient outcome, including pain, gait changes, and cosmesis. The first referenced article by Milner et al looked at long-term outcomes of tibial malunions and noted that varus malunion led to increased ankle/subtalar stiffness and pain regardless of the amount of radiographic degenerative changes. The second referenced article by Puno et al reinforced the concept of decreased functional outcomes of the ankle with tibial malunions, and noted that other lower extremity joints (ipsilateral and contralateral) do not have increased rates of degeneration from such a malunion.
3.2
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