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Intravasation
8%
91/1155
Avoidance of immune surveillance
4%
46/1155
Target tissue localization
7%
76/1155
Induction of angiogenesis
3%
40/1155
Direct stimulation of osteoclasts
77%
891/1155
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Malignant cell metastasis requires at a minimum tumor cell intravasation (entry into blood vessels), avoidance of immune surveillance, target tissue localization, and induction of angiogenesis. While tumor cells may stimulate osteoclasts in the process of tumor cell osteolysis, this is not a necessary step for metastasis. In addition, tumor cells do not directly stimulate osteoclasts, they indirectly stimulate them through osteoblast/stromal cell production of cytokines like RANKL.
3.4
(33)
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