Introduction Definition glenohumeral degenerative joint disease characterized by damage to the articular surfaces of the humeral head and/or glenoid Etiology causes include primary osteoarthritis secondary arthritis post-traumatic arthritis of dislocation inflammatory/crystalline arthritis osteonecrosis neuropathic (Charcot Arthropathy) rotator cuff arthropathy Epidemiology incidence increases with age more likely in patients over 60 OA more common in women 56% of patients who had primary anterior dislocation have arthrosis at 25 years follow up Pathophysiology primary osteoarthritis articular cartilage irreversible progressive loss of articular cartilage with hypertrophic reaction of the subchondral bone; no known cause humeral head thinning/absence of cartilage, flattening, osteophyte and subchondral cyst formation, posterior humeral subluxation glenoid posterior wear (see: Walch glenoid classification), subchondral cyst formation rotator cuff rotator cuff tears incidence 5-10%, important to rule out post-traumatic arthritis articular surface incongruities following trauma healing can lead to joint deterioration commonly occurs in patients with humeral fractures and chronic dislocations cuff tear arthropathy torn rotator cuff tendons leads to humeral head migration and subsequent abrasive contact between the humeral head and acromion which leads to articular wear dislocation arthropathy repeated dislocation can cause erosion of joint cartilage higher incidence with increased age posterior dislocation not associated with number of dislocations post-capsulorraphy arthropathy excessive tightening of soft tissues in stabilization surgeries to treat recurrent dislocation forces humeral head in one direction causes head to wear unevenly on glenoid inflammatory/crystalline arthritis rheumatoid arthritis systemic autoimmune disease causes synovial inflammation and degradation of shoulder joint can involve all structures of shoulder including soft tissue affects 90% of patient with RA characterized by central glenoid wear and medialization of humeral head calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (CPPD) accumulation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals within joint space causing synovial inflammatory response and cartilage/bone damage; sometimes referred to as “pseudogout” gout accumulation of sodium urate crystals within joint due to hyperuricemia causing inflammatory attack within joint and cartilage/bone damage osteonecrosis/avascular necrosis bone cell death caused by interruption of blood supply to humeral head leads to subchondral bone collapse and morphological/arthritic changes causes traumatic proximal humerus fractures 35% incidence in 3-part 90% incidence in 4-part chronic glenohumeral dislocations repetitive injury rotator cuff repair atraumatic steroid ETOH hemoglobinopathies metabolic (e.g. Gaucher’s disease chondrolysis occurs following shoulder arthroscopy exact pathophysiology unknow but associated with radiofrequency energy continuous postop anesthetic infusion bioabsorbable suture anchors contrast leads to the dissolution of articular cartilage has less osteophytes than OA Associated conditions rotator cuff tears 5-10% incidence with OA 25-50% incidence with RA Anatomy Glenohumeral (GH) joint joint comprised of humeral head and glenoid fossa of scapula stability static restraints glenohumeral ligaments glenoid labrum dynamic restraints rotator cuff muscles rotator interval biceps Glenoid osteology glenoid is 3 degreees retroverted humerus is 20-30 degrees retroverted Classification Walch Classification of Glenoid Wear Type A Concentric wear, no subluxation of HH, well centered • A1 no or minor central erosion • A2 deeper central erosion, line connects anterior/posterior glenoid rims and transects humeral head (HH) Type B Biconcave glenoid, asymmetric glenoid wear and head subluxated posteriorly • B0 pre-osteoarthritic posterior subluxation of HH • B1 posterior joint narrowing (no posterior bone loss), osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis • B2 posterior rim erosion, retroverted glenoid • B3 monoconcave, posterior wear, at least HH subluxation >70% OR retroversion >15% Type C • C1 Glenoid retroversion >25 degrees, regardless of erosion • C2 Biconcave, posterior bone loss, posterior translation of HH Type D • Glenoid anteversion or anterior HH subluxation (HH subluxation <40%) Presentation Symptoms shoulder pain worse with activities involving shoulder motion often no pain at rest loss of range of motion especially external rotation due to anterior capsule contraction difficulty sleeping Physical exam functional limitations at glenohumeral joint decreased external rotation, forward flexion, and internal rotation variable and more active patients have better range of motion (ROM) crepitus catching/squeaking with articulation motor a carefully evaluation of the rotator cuff muscles should be performed Functional Outcomes Scores ASES Shoulder Score Constant Score Oxford Shoulder Score Imaging Radiographs recommended views true anteroposterior (AP) of GH joint AP axillary lateral findings often diagnose etiology primary osteoarthritis joint space narrowing subchondral sclerosis, subchondral cysts osteophytes circumferentially at humeral head, “goat’s beard” posterior glenoid wear fixed posterior humeral head subluxation (due to tight anterior capsule) post-traumatic arthritis articular surface incongruities due to healed fractures hardware from previous surgeries arthritis of dislocation large osteophytes hardware from previous surgery inflammatory/crystalline arthritis RA joint space narrowing marginal erosions of humeral head reduction in acromiohumeral distance few osteophytes central glenoid wear and medialization of humeral head osteopenia CPPD chondrocalcinosis (calcific deposits in articular/fibrocartilage) Gout usually unremarkable repeat attacks may show osteopenia/erosions osteonecrosis/avascular necrosis normal radiographs early in disease resorption of middle of humeral head crescent sign (lucency) indicating subchondral collapse flattening/collapse in more advanced stages rotator cuff tear arthropathy osteopenia superior migration of humeral head narrowing of acromiohumeral interval acromial erosions superior glenoid bone loss “acetabularization” of coracoacromial arch Computed tomography (CT) indications evaluate glenoid morphology and rotator cuff pathology for pre-operative planning may underestimate full-thickness RCTs and fatty infiltration/muscle atrophy compared to MRI allows for pre-operative templating Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) indications evaluate rotator cuff pathology for pre-operative planning less accurate than CT in distinguishing between glenoid types Treatment Nonoperative physical therapy, NSAIDs indications first-line of treatment modalities NSAIDs- reduce pain and inflammation physical therapy – improve range of motion with capsular stretching intraarticular Injections indications second-line of treatment modality corticosteroid injection – reduce pain/inflammation hyaluronic acid injection – joint lubrication, limited evidence biologics (platelet rich plasma, stem cell) – limited evidence DMARDs indications rheumatoid arthritis Operative total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) indications intact rotator cuff unresponsive to non-operative treatment glenoid chondral wear posterior humeral head subluxation contraindications lack of deltoid or rotator cuff function active infection Charcot arthropathy technique concave glenoid (cup) and convex humerus (ball) to reconstruct joint outcomes good pain relief, reliable ROM 10 year survival (92-95%) most common complications: glenoid/humeral component loosening, infection, fracture, nerve injury and rotator cuff tear hemiarthroplasty indications younger patient rheumatoid arthritic patients with irreparable RC tears/insufficient bone stock osteonecrosis without glenoid involvement technique humeral head replacement ± biologic resurfacing ream-and-run technique humeral head prosthesis & glenoid reaming to provide a stabilizing concavity and maximize glenohumeral contact area for load transfer indicated in young patients with intact rotator cuff and no inflamatory arthropathy outcomes early failure rate, not recommended poor pain and functional outcomes reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) indications irreparable/large rotator cuff tear OA with significant glenoid pathology age rotator cuff arthropathy failed arthroplasty complex fracture technique convex glenoid (ball) and concave humerus (cup) to reconstruct joint outcomes Good pain relief, improved shoulder function 10 year survival (~90-95%) Common complications: scapular notching, infection, dislocation/instability, nerve injuries; higher reported complication rates than TSA arthroscopic debridement indications mild to moderate OA without structural alternation mechanical symptoms due to loose bodies or small lesions of humeral head due to AVN synovial chondromatosis outcomes temporizing treatment; improves ROM and pain less successful in those with more rapid degenerative changes may see better results in patients who also had subacromial procedures CAM (comprehensive arthroscopic management) procedure indications younger patient technique combination of arthroscopic glenohumeral debridement, chondroplasty, synovectomy, loose body removal, humeral osteoplasty with excision of the goat's beard osteophyte, capsular releases, subacromial and subcoracoid decompressions, axillary nerve decompression, and biceps tenodesis arthrodesis indications paralysis recurrent infection severe soft tissue deficiency; poor deltoid function brachial plexus palsy persistent symptomatic instability with failed repair outcomes moderate complications Improved/ acceptable long-term function Techniques Total shoulder arthroplasty Hemiarthroplasty Reverse ball prosthesis
Technique Guide CPT Codes: 23472 Arthroplasty, glenohumeral joint; total shoulder (glenoid and proximal humeral replacement (eg, total shoulder)) Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Orthobullets Team Shoulder & Elbow - Rotator Cuff Arthropathy Technique Guide CPT Codes: 23472 Arthroplasty, glenohumeral joint; total shoulder (glenoid and proximal humeral replacement (eg, total shoulder)) Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Orthobullets Team Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis Technique Guide CPT Codes: 23470 Arthroplasty, glenohumeral joint; hemiarthroplasty Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Proximal Humerus Fracture Hemiarthroplasty Orthobullets Team Trauma - Proximal Humerus Fractures
QUESTIONS 1 of 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ11.27) A 65-year-old man presents with chronic right shoulder pain and crepitus. On physical exam his rotator cuff strength is 5/5. He has pain with both passive and active range of motion. Radiographs are shown in Figures A and B. An MRI is performed and shows no evidence of a rotator cuff tear. When comparing TSA versus hemiarthroplasty as a treatment option in this patient, hemiarthroplasty results in which of the following? Review Topic QID: 3450 FIGURES: A B Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Improved pain relief 6% (202/3269) 2 Increased rate of revision surgery 90% (2939/3269) 3 Increased blood loss 0% (15/3269) 4 Increased postoperative instability 3% (96/3269) 5 Increased postoperative infection rates 0% (2/3269) L 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ09.42) In comparison to patients with osteoarthritis, patient with inflammatory arthritis undergoing shoulder arthroplasty are more likely to have? Review Topic QID: 2855 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Large inferior humeral osteophyte 2% (58/3700) 2 Medialization of the glenohumeral joint line 70% (2580/3700) 3 Posterior humeral head subluxation 10% (368/3700) 4 Sclerotic glenoid 5% (188/3700) 5 Posterior glenoid wear 13% (482/3700) L 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ09.22) A 61-year-old laborer presents for total shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis. What is his chance of having a concomitant full-thickness supraspinatus tear? Review Topic QID: 2835 Type & Select Correct Answer 1 less than 10% 27% (232/851) 2 10 to 20% 11% (95/851) 3 20 to 30% 18% (151/851) 4 30 to 40% 18% (149/851) 5 greater than 40% 26% (218/851) L 5 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 1 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway This is an AAOS Self assessment question. Orthobullets was not involved into the editorial process, and does not have the ability to alter. If you prefer to hide SAE questions on topics simply turn them off in your Content Settings (SAE08UE.1) A 68-year-old man had a 3-year history of shoulder pain that failed to respond to nonsurgical management. Examination reveals forward elevation to 120 degrees and external rotation to 30 degrees. True AP and axillary radiographs and an axial CT scan are shown in Figures 1a through 1c. What management option would lead to the best long-term results? Review Topic QID: 6563 FIGURES: A B C Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Hemiarthroplasty 9% (14/149) 2 Total shoulder arthroplasty 54% (81/149) 3 Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty 26% (38/149) 4 Arthroscopic debridement 5% (7/149) 5 Glenoid osteotomy and interposition arthroplasty 5% (8/149) L 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK You have 100% on this question. Just skip this one for now. Take This Question Anyway (OBQ06.142) A 72-year-old man reports progressive pain and restriction of motion in his left shoulder. His active and passive motion are restricted to 90 degrees of forward elevation and neutral external rotation. Based on his radiograph shown in Figure A and physical exam, where is glenoid wear most likely to exist? Review Topic QID: 328 FIGURES: A Type & Select Correct Answer 1 Anterior 9% (154/1636) 2 Posterior 67% (1090/1636) 3 Superior 6% (103/1636) 4 Inferior 7% (117/1636) 5 Central 10% (169/1636) L 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response SUBMIT RESPONSE 2
All Videos (10) Podcasts (1) 2018 Orthopaedic Summit Evolving Techniques Nonsurgical Treatment For Shoulder Osteoarthritis - Don Buford, MD, RMSK (OSET 2018) Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 10/14/2019 222 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2018 Baseball Sports Medicine: Game-Changing Concepts Glenoid OCD in Baseball - Christopher S. Ahmad, MD (BSM 2018, #9) Christopher S. Ahmad Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 12/21/2018 95 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2018 Winter SKS Meeting: Shoulder, Knee, & Sports Medicine Indications for Shoulder Arthroplasty in Athletic Patients - Eric McCarty, MD (2.3, 2018 Winter SKS) Eric McCarty Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 7/13/2018 182 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2018 Winter SKS Meeting: Shoulder, Knee, & Sports Medicine Nonarthroplasty Management of Cartilage Loss - Matthew Provencher, MD, CAPT, MC, USNR(2.2, 2018 Winter SKS) Matthew Provencher Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 7/13/2018 345 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2018 Winter SKS Meeting: Shoulder, Knee, & Sports Medicine SHOULDER - Arthritis in the Athletic Patient - Anthony Romeo, MD (2.1, 2018 Winter SKS) Anthony Romeo Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 7/13/2018 182 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2017 Chicago Sports Medicine Symposium: World Series of Surgery Shoulder Arthritis Treatment in Young Patients - Gregory P. Nicholson, MD (CSMS #53, 2017) Gregory Nicholson Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 11/16/2017 112 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2017 Chicago Sports Medicine Symposium: World Series of Surgery Rehab Strategies & Techniques to Maintain Shoulder Function in the Arthritic Shoulder - Michael Reinold, DPT, SCS (CSMS #50, 2017) Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 11/16/2017 62 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2017 Chicago Sports Medicine Symposium: World Series of Surgery Shoulder Alternatives to Arthroplasty - Nikhil Verma, MD (CSMS #49, 2017) Nikhil Verma Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 11/16/2017 50 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2017 Chicago Sports Medicine Symposium: World Series of Surgery Shoulder Capsular Release: Does it Work? - Geoffrey Van Thiel, MD, MBA (CSMS #48, 2017) Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 11/16/2017 52 views Login to View Community Videos Login to View Community Videos 2017 Current Solutions in Shoulder and Elbow Surgery DJD Scope Debridement, Resurfacing: Does it Work?: John Kelly, MD (CSSE #12, 2017) Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 5/9/2017 106 views Shoulder & Elbow⎜Glenohumeral Arthritis (ft. Dr. Anthony Romeo) Team Orthobullets (2) Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis Listen Now 14:4 min 4 weeks ago 3 plays See More See Less
Proximal humeral deformity/malunion in a 35M (C101077) Pinkawas Kongmalai Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 5/17/2018 144 2 3 Post-traumatic Shoulder OA with Cuff Failure in 39M (C2331) Simon Donald Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 9/4/2015 67 3 0 Steadman Clinic Alumni Shoulder instability/DJD in 38M (C1536) Robert Boykin Shoulder & Elbow - Glenohumeral Arthritis 6/20/2013 24 15 2 See More See Less