Introduction Overview slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is an condition of the proximal femoral physis that leads to slippage of the metaphysis relative to the epiphysis, and is most commonly seen in adolescent obese males treatment is usually percutaneous pin fixation Epidemiology incidence most common disorder affecting adolescent hips found in 10 per 100,000 demographics more common in obese children males (male to female ratio is 2:1.4) specific ethnicities - African Americans, Pacific islanders, Latinos during period of rapid growth (10-16 years of age) average age is 13.4 for boys 12.2 for girls associated with puberty location left hip is more common bilateral in 17% to 50% (~25%) risk factors obesity single greatest risk factor recent data shows trend towards younger age and increased frequency of bilaterality at presentation, possibly related to increased rates of childhood obesity acetabular retroversion and femoral retroversion increased mechanical shearing forces at the physis history of previous radiation therapy to the femoral head region Pathophysiology mechanism due mechanical forces acting on a susceptible physis pathoanatomy slippage occurs though the hypertrophic zone of the physis in adolescence perichondrial ring thins and weakens undulating mammillary processes in physis unlocks, further destabilizing the physis physis is still vertical in this age group (160° at birth to 125° at skeletal maturity), resulting in increased shearing forces epiphyseal tubercle can provide a rotational pivot point anatomic structure in the posterior superior epiphysis that shrinks with skeletal maturity cartilage in the hypertrophic zone acts as a weak spot angulation metaphysis translates anterior and externally rotates epiphysis remains in the acetabulum, lies posterior to the translated metaphysis similar to Salter-Harris type I fracture, but may differ by antecedent epiphysiolysis slower displacement periosteum remains intact (chronic SCFE) in acute SCFE, periosteum is can be partially torn anteriorly over the prominent metaphysis Associated conditions endocrine disorders associated conditions hypothyroidism most common etiology of nonidiopathic SCFE labs: elevated TSH renal osteodystrophy labs: elevated BUN and creatinine growth hormone deficiency panhypopituitarism indications for endocrine workup child is < 10 years old weight is < 50th percentile Down syndrome Classification Loder Classification -- based on ability to bear weight Stable Able to bear weight with or without crutches Minimal risk of osteonecrosis (<10%) Unstable Unable to ambulate (not even with crutches)High risk of osteonecrosis (originally ~47%, recent data ~24%) Provides prognostic information for complication of femoral head osteonecrosis Temporal Classification -- based on duration of symptoms; rarely used; no prognostic information Acute Symptoms that persist for less than 3 weeks Chronic Symptoms that persist for more than 3 weeks Acute on Chronic Acute exacerbation of long-standing symptoms Southwick Slip Angle Classification -- based on femoral epipyseal-diaphyseal angle difference Mild < 30° Moderate 30-50° Severe > 50° Epiphyseal-diaphyseal angle can be measured on both AP and frog lateral pelvis radiographs Slip angle classification is based on the degree of difference between the affected and unaffected hip If bilateral hips are involved, use 145° as "unaffected" hip reference for AP and 10° as "unaffected" hip reference for lateral Grading System -- based on percentage of slippage Grade I 0-33% of slippage Grade II 34-50% of slippage Grade III >50% of slippage Presentation Symptoms groin and thigh pain most common presentation limp antalgic gait externally rotated foot progression angle knee pain can frequently present as knee pain (15-50%) due to pain activation of the medial obturator nerve can lead to missed diagnosis motion patients prefer to sit in a chair with affected leg crossed over the other duration symptoms are usually present for weeks to several months before diagnosis is made Physical exam abnormal gait / limp antalgic, waddling, externally rotated gait or Trendelenburg gait decreased hip motion obligatory external rotation during passive flexion of hip (Drehmann sign) due to a combination of synovitis and impingement of the displaced anterior-lateral femoral metaphysis on the acetabular rim loss of hip internal rotation, abduction, and flexion abnormal leg alignment externally rotated foot progression angle weakness thigh atrophy Imaging Radiographs recommended views AP & frog-leg lateral of right and left hip lateral radiograph is best way to identify a subtle slip findings on AP of pelvis Klein's line line drawn along superior border femoral neck will intersect less of the femoral head or not at all in a child with SCFE intersects lateral femoral head in a normal hip due to natural lateral overhang of the epiphysis evaluate for asymmetry between sides epiphysiolysis (growth plate widening or lucency) an early radiographic finding blurring of proximal femoral metaphysis (metaphyseal blanch sign of Steel) seen on AP due to overlapping of the metaphysis and posteriorly displaced epiphysis MRI indications may help diagnose a preslip condition when radiographs are negative findings growth plate widening edema in metaphysis decreased signal on T1, increased signal on T2 Treatment Operative percutaneous in situ fixation indications both stable and unstable slips technique one vs. two cannulated screws is controversial 2 screw constructs have greater biomechanically stable than the single screw constructs benefit of 2 screws needs to be considered in the face of greater screw related complications including articular surface penetration capsulotomy is controversial decreases intra-capsular pressure primarily indicated in the setting of unstable SCFE: intracapsular pressure in unstable SCFE is double that of control hips, while pressure in stable SCFE is roughly equal to control hips may mitigate intracapsular tamponade, though no clear evidence that this reduces AVN rates contralateral hip prophylactic fixation indications controversial current indications are high risk patients for contralateral slip(~ 40-80%) initial slip at young age (< 10 years-old) open triradiate cartilage obese males endocrine disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism) open epiphyseal reduction and fixation indications controversial unstable and severe slips technique capital realignment via the modified Dunn procedure Operative management of symptoms after initial treatment osteochondroplasty indications symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) of cam lesion from metaphyseal bump mild to moderate SCFE deformity (slip angle < 30°) approach options arthroscopic limited anterior arthrotomy surgical hip dislocation proximal femoral osteotomy indications painful or function-limiting proximal femoral deformity severe SCFE deformity (slip angle >30- 45°) absence of severe hip osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis technique femoral neck cuneiform osteotomy can provide greatest correction of deformity use is controversial due to high rates of AVN (37%) and osteoarthritis (37%) intertrochanteric (Imhauser) osteotomy most commonly used subtrochanteric (Southwick) osteotomy Techniques Percutaneous in situ fixation goal to stabilize the epiphysis from further slippage technique reduction forceful reduction is not indicated and increases risk of osteonecrosis "serendipitous reduction" is often obtained with positioning on OR table number of screws single cannulated screw typically sufficient and decreases risk of osteonecrosis (compared to multiple pins) Some surgeons may add second screw for unstable SCFE screw insertion perpendicular to physis screw starts on the anterior surface of the proximal femur in order to cross perpendicular to the physis and enter into the central portion of the femoral head on both the AP and lateral views (center-center), which has slipped posteriorly starting point should not be medial to intertrochanteric line - will result in impingement between the head of the screw and acetabulum with hip flexion oblique to physis in severe slips, a relatively oblique insertion starting at the intertrochanteric region may be required, rather than perpendicular, to avoid impingement from head of the screw screw position advance until 5 threads cross physis < 5 threads engaged in epiphysis increases risk of progression of slip >10° (<5 threads 41% progressed, >/= 5 threads 0% progressed) screws should be at least 5mm from subchondral bone in all views imaging confirm that pin is not penetrating the hip joint approach-withdraw technique rotate hip from maximal internal rotation or maximal external rotation under live fluoroscopy the screw tip appears to approach the subchondral bone, then withdraw from it the moment of change from approach to withdraw is the true position of the screw and can be used to insert the screw to appropriate position appropriate position confirmed when screw does not violate articular surface in all views postoperative stable slips are able to bear weight after fixation unstable slips are kept touch-down weight bearing outcomes does not treat deformity at head-neck junction unsatisfactory outcomes in 10-20% have resulted in advocacy of other techniques to correct the deformity at initial treatment to mitigate long-term risk of chondral damage Surgical hip dislocation, open capital realignment and fixation (Modified Dunn procedure) goal to correct the acute proximal femoral deformity, protect femoral head blood supply and stabilize the epiphysis technique surgical hip dislocation via Gibson approach (Ganz technique) lateral decubitus position straight lateral skin incision centered over greater trochanter interval: gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal n.) / gluteus medius (superior gluteal n.) trochanteric flip osteotomy Z-shaped anterior capsulotomy visualize slip with prominent metaphysis temporarily pin epiphysis with K-wires prior to dislocation bone hook around femoral neck for traction ligamentum teres cut hip is dislocated develop retinacular soft tissue flaps incise periosteum along femoral neck extend incision distally to level of lesser trochanter, to reduce tension on retinacular vessels bluntly develop periosteal flaps anteriorly and posteriorly using periosteal elevator mobilize epiphysis starting anterior, use chisel to free epiphysis entirely from metaphysis epiphysis will remain attached to posterior retinacular flap (blood supply) debride metaphysis there will be prominent reactive callus along the posterior metaphysis, which needs to be removed to permit proper epiphyseal reduction and avoid kinking of retinacular vessels reduce epiphysis to metaphysis fixation 2-3 3.0mm K-wires one antegrade starting from fovea across epiphysis one to two retrograde across epiphysis postoperative touch-down weight bearing for 6 weeks outcomes complication rate 37% AVN rates approaching 26% (comparable to 24% AVN rate for unstable SCFE treated in situ pinning) steep learning curve Osteochondroplasty goal to address pain and loss of motion related to hip impingement from prominent metaphyseal bump in mild to moderate chronic SCFE deformity technique arthroscopy reserved for mild SCFE deformity remove metaphyseal bump with arthroscopic burr difficult to fully resect superior and lateral portions of the bump limited anterior arthrotomy useful when metaphyseal bump cannot be fully removed arthroscopically modified Smith-Peterson approach surgical hip dislocation moderate SCFE deformity trochanteric flip osteotomy hip dislocated anteriorly curved osteotome to remove bump burr to recreate normal contour of head-neck junction outcomes no long term data improvement in pain and function no osteonecrosis poor outcomes associated with preexisting cartilage damage Flexion intertrochanteric (Imhauser) femoral osteotomy goal to correct symptomatic proximal femoral deformity in moderate to severe chronic SCFE deformity technique lateral approach supine position straight lateral skin incision from greater trochanter distal down the femoral shaft reflect vastus lateralis to expose lateral femur transverse osteotomy just proximal to lesser trochanter correction flexion through the osteotomy internal rotation of distal shaft mild valgus correction postoperative touch-down weight bearing for 3 months outcomes good to excellent functional results 2-7% AVN useful to prevent arthrosis Complications Osteonecrosis of femoral head may occur as the result of initial trauma increased risk with unstable slips (~24-47%), most common predictor operative complication (4-6%) hardware placement in posteriosuperior femoral neck has the greatest risk of disrupting the vascular supply Contralateral hip SCFE most common complication after unilateral surgical fixation (20-80%) risk factors for contralateral slip include male, obesity, young age of initial slip (< 10 years old, open triradiate cartilage), endocrine disorders weight loss programs decreased BMI reduces rates of subsequent contralateral SCFE Chondrolysis (0-2%) present with narrowed joint space, pain, decreased motion associated with unrecognized implant penetration of the articular surface (0-2%) pin placement into the anterior superior quadrant of the femoral head has the highest rate of joint penetration intra-articular hardware penetration best assessed by CT scan spica cast immobilization decreased prevalence with modern fluoroscopy Residual proximal femoral deformity & limb length discrepancy increased α-angle associated with symptomatic impingement caused by failure of proximal femur to remodel pistol-grip deformity treatment intertrochanteric osteotomy (Imhauser) produces flexion, internal rotation and valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy (Southwick) femoral neck cuneiform osteotomy (controversial due to high rate of osteonecrosis and arthritis) Slip progression occurs in 1-2% of cases following single screw fixation Delayed diagnosis predictors knee pain Medicaid insurance coverage stable slip 88% of patients with presented with an unstable SCFE had unappreciated antecedent symptoms for ~42 days prior to diagnosis Infection (0-2%) Chronic pain (5-10%) Degenerative arthritis Pin associated proximal femur fracture Labral tearing and degeneration seen with high anterior and medial 2nd screw in-situ fixation if screw lies medial to intertrochanteric line on AP radiograph, has increased risk of impingement on acetabulum and labrum with hip flexion
Technique Guide 9/26/2017 Technique guide are not considered high yield topics for orthopaedic standardized exams including the ABOS, EBOT and RC. Percutaneous Pinning of SCFE Rachel Goldstein Paul Choi Pediatrics - Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
QUESTIONS 1 of 37 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Previous Next Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK (OBQ05.60) An 11-year-old girl with hypothyroidism and obesity presents with groin pain and the inability to ambulate. Her radiograph is shown in Figure A. What is the most appropriate treatment? Review Topic QID: 946 FIGURES: A 1 Toe-touch weightbearing for 3 weeks 0% (4/1268) 2 Hip spica cast and non-weight bearing for 4 weeks 1% (12/1268) 3 In situ pinning of the right hip 14% (179/1268) 4 Open reduction and pinning of the right hip 2% (31/1268) 5 In situ pinning of both hips 82% (1034/1268) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 5 (OBQ10.66) A 13-year-old boy complains of a 3-month history of left knee, thigh and groin pain. His pain has significantly worsened over the past week. He denies pain in the right leg. Radiographs are taken and shown in Figures A and B. The history and physical do not reveal any findings concerning for an endocrine disorder. What is the preferred method of treatment? Review Topic QID: 3153 FIGURES: A B 1 Subtrochanteric valgus, extension, and external rotational osteotomy 1% (13/2535) 2 Non weight bearing on the left side for 6 weeks. 1% (36/2535) 3 Bilateral in situ single screw insertion across the proximal femoral physis 9% (220/2535) 4 In situ single screw insertion across the left proximal femoral physis only 88% (2235/2535) 5 Varus derotational osteotomy of the proximal femur 1% (22/2535) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (OBQ12.240) A 12-year-old mildly overweight female presents with complaints of left hip pain. She is not dependent on crutches for ambulation. Physical examination reveals external rotation of the extremity with hip flexion. Her parents indicate that outside radiographs were interpreted to be normal. They present an MRI of the pelvis, as shown in Figures A and B. What is next best step in management? Review Topic QID: 4600 FIGURES: A B 1 Observation 1% (40/2765) 2 Arthroscopic labral repair 0% (11/2765) 3 In situ screw fixation 91% (2508/2765) 4 Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning 6% (178/2765) 5 Debridement of CAM impingement femoral lesion 0% (10/2765) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 (OBQ07.187) Which of the following treatment techniques decreases the risk of osteonecrosis in patients with unstable slipped femoral capital epiphysis (SCFE)? Review Topic QID: 848 1 Open reduction and pinning with multiple cannulated screws in an inverted triangle configuration 6% (38/606) 2 Closed reduction and pinning with multiple cannulated screws in an inverted triangle configuration 5% (32/606) 3 Closed reduction and pinning with a single cannulated screw 9% (52/606) 4 In situ percutaneous pinning with multiple cannulated screws in an inverted triangle configuration 8% (49/606) 5 In situ percutaneous pinning with a single cannulated screw 71% (430/606) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 5 (OBQ12.259) A 13-year-old male presents with left hip pain and an inability to ambulate. He does not have a history of kidney disease. The initial radiograph is shown in Figure A. Which of the following zones of the growth plate (Figures B-F, all the same magnification) is most commonly involved in this condition? Review Topic QID: 4619 FIGURES: A B C D E F 1 Figure B 2% (87/3966) 2 Figure C 16% (629/3966) 3 Figure D 66% (2615/3966) 4 Figure E 13% (502/3966) 5 Figure F 2% (90/3966) ML 3 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 (OBQ06.183) Hypothyroidism is most commonly associated with which of the following pediatric conditions? Review Topic QID: 369 1 Legg Calve Perthes 3% (37/1180) 2 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 89% (1051/1180) 3 Toxic synovitis 0% (4/1180) 4 Achondroplasia 2% (28/1180) 5 Rickets 4% (52/1180) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2 (OBQ05.125) A 13-year-old Polynesian boy presents with left groin pain and inability to place weight on the left leg. His radiographs are shown in Figures A and B. All of the following are true regarding this condition EXCEPT: Review Topic QID: 1011 FIGURES: A B 1 The left hip is more commonly involved 22% (217/981) 2 Forceful manipulation is not indicated because it is associated with an increased risk of complications 3% (31/981) 3 Associated with decreased femoral anteversion and decreased femoral neck-shaft angle 20% (201/981) 4 Pain is localized to the knee more often than the hip on initial presentation 51% (496/981) 5 Males are more commonly affected than females 4% (35/981) ML 4 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (OBQ11.127) A 12-year-old girl presents with groin pain six months after treatment of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Preoperative radiographs are seen in Figure A, radiographs six months after in situ fixation are seen in Figure B. Which of the following is associated with the radiographic abnormality seen in Figure B? Review Topic QID: 3550 FIGURES: A B 1 Lack of reduction prior to fixation 9% (169/1851) 2 Single screw fixation 7% (127/1851) 3 Female sex 3% (51/1851) 4 Inability to bear weight preoperatively 75% (1385/1851) 5 Obesity 6% (111/1851) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 4 (OBQ11.81) An 11-year-old obese male presents with a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Which of the following figures accurately represents the method used to determine the radiographic severity of the epiphyseal slip and help guide treatment? Review Topic QID: 3504 FIGURES: A B C D E 1 Figure A 82% (2887/3509) 2 Figure B 15% (510/3509) 3 Figure C 1% (43/3509) 4 Figure D 1% (24/3509) 5 Figure E 1% (27/3509) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 1 (OBQ04.67) A 14-year-old female presents with a history of an undiagnosed left slipped capital femoral epiphysis 3 years ago. She has 2 years of activity-related left hip pain and pain with prolonged sitting. On physical examination she has restricted hip flexion motion, an external rotation deformity, and obligatory external rotation upon hip flexion manuevering. Radiographs are shown in Figures A and B. Which of the following osteotomies is MOST appropriate? Review Topic QID: 1172 FIGURES: A B 1 Medial displacement Chiari salvage osteotomy 1% (6/878) 2 Proximal femoral varus osteotomy 3% (29/878) 3 Flexion, internal rotation, and valgus-producing proximal femoral osteotomy (Imhauser osteotomy) 73% (645/878) 4 Bernese periacetabular osteotomy with extension, external rotation, and valgus-producing femoral osteotomy 6% (50/878) 5 Valgus-producing intertrochanteric proximal femoral osteotomy (Pauwel osteotomy) 16% (143/878) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 (OBQ05.162) A 14-year-old boy presents with left groin and knee pain for 3 weeks. He is now unable to place weight on the left lower extremity, even with the assistance of crutches. AP pelvis radiograph is shown in Figure A. He is treated with surgical intervention and post-operative radiographs are shown in Figures B and C. What is the most common limb length and rotational profile found as a sequelae of this condition? Review Topic QID: 1048 FIGURES: A B C 1 Limb shortening, decreased hip flexion and decreased hip internal rotation 81% (845/1042) 2 Limb lengthening, increased hip flexion, and increased hip internal rotation 0% (5/1042) 3 Limb lengthening, decreased hip flexion, and decreased hip external rotation 3% (29/1042) 4 Limb shortening, decreased hip flexion, and increased hip internal rotation 7% (73/1042) 5 Limb shortening, increased hip flexion, and decreased hip internal rotation 8% (84/1042) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 1 (OBQ04.83) A right hip of an 8-year-old patient is modeled in Figure A. Which of the following vessels gives the greatest blood supply to the femoral head? Review Topic QID: 1188 FIGURES: A 1 1 1% (14/1031) 2 2 1% (7/1031) 3 3 83% (859/1031) 4 4 11% (111/1031) 5 5 3% (35/1031) ML 2 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 (OBQ07.2) Southwick angle (epiphyseal-shaft angle) serves what purpose in the evaluation of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE)? Review Topic QID: 663 1 Determine prognosis for AVN 6% (83/1469) 2 Determine the severity of the slip 85% (1253/1469) 3 Determine the presence or absence of a slip 8% (114/1469) 4 Determine the etiology of a slip 0% (5/1469) 5 Determine the chronicity of the slip 0% (6/1469) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 2 (OBQ04.165) A 14-year-old overweight boy complains of vague left knee pain which worsens with activity. He has an antalgic gait and increased external rotation of his foot progression angle compared to the contralateral side. Knee radiographs, including stress views, are negative. What is the next step in management? Review Topic QID: 1270 1 Knee MRI 1% (13/909) 2 Knee CT 0% (2/909) 3 AP pelvis and frog-lateral views 97% (879/909) 4 Diagnostic knee arthroscopy 0% (2/909) 5 Hip MRI 1% (6/909) ML 1 Select Answer to see Preferred Response PREFERRED RESPONSE 3 Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK Sorry, this question is for PEAK Premium Subscribers only Upgrade to PEAK
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