Summary Differentiating Hip Pathology From Lumbar Spine Pathology is a common acquired condition caused by overlapping symptoms between the hip and lumbar spine that may mimic one another that leads to substantial disability and potential misdiagnosis. The condition typically presents in adults and the elderly and presents with low back pain (LBP) associated with buttock, groin, thigh, and knee pain. Diagnosis is made with a combination of clinical history, thorough physical examination including provocative tests, plain radiographs, and often advanced imaging or diagnostic injections to delineate the primary pathology. Treatment is usually nonoperative initial management involving physical therapy or diagnostic/therapeutic injections. Operative treatment (such as total hip arthroplasty or spinal decompression/realignment) is indicated when the primary source of pain is identified and conservative measures fail, or when severe lumbar stenosis is present alongside hip pathology. Epidemiology Incidence Common in older adults 32.5% of patients over 50 undergoing spine surgery have concurrent hip and spine pathology 20-30% of patients with hip OA also have significant lumbar spine pathology Demographics Increasingly common with age Some studies suggest higher prevalence in women Risk factors Increasing age Older age is strongest risk factor for degenerative changes in both the hip and the spine Prior spinal surgery Lumbar fusion increases the risk of hip instability and dislocation after THA Spinopelvic malalignment Abnormal sagittal balance and pelvic incidence are associated with hip-spine syndrome Etiology Radiographic Parameters Sagittal vertical axis (SVA) Intersection between the plumb line from the center of the C7 vertebrae and the horizontal line through the posterior superior S1 end plate (photo) Pelvic incidence (PI) Angle between a line perpendicular to the S1 endplate and a line connecting the midpoint of the femoral heads to the center of the S1 endplate Static parameter PI = PT + SS Sacral slope (SS) Angle between the horizontal line and the superior endplate of S1 Normal: 35-45° Pelvic Tilt (PT) Angle between the vertical line and the line connecting the midpoint of the femoral heads to the center of the S1 endplate Normal: 10-25° Lumbar lordosis (LL) Curvature of the lumbar spine Normal: 40-60° LL = PI +/- 10° Normal spinopelvic biomechanics Spine and pelvis work in tandem to maintain sagittal balance and enable smooth transition between postures When standing, the pelvis is either neutral or has a slight anterior tilt (flexed, decreased PT), while the lumbar spine maintains a natural lordotic curve (increased LL) When sitting, the pelvis tilts posteriorly (extended, increasing PT) and the lumbar spine flexes (decreasing LL) Pathologic spinopelvic biomechanics Alteration in either the hip or the lumbar spine will affect the other Initial pathology in one area forces increased compensation in the other, leading to abnormal stress and increased degeneration Decreased hip range of motion forces increased motion to occur at the lumbar spine to allow function and attempt to maintain sagittal balance Decreased motion at the lumbar spine similarly forces increased stress on the hip joint Degeneration or lumbar spinal fusion reduces LL, causing increased PT, which alters hip mechanics and accelerates hip arthritis Anatomy Bony anatomy Lumbar spine Vertebral bodies L1-L5 vertebral bodies Load-bearing, separated by intervertebral discs Facet joints Sacrum Connects spine to pelvis Transfers axial load to the hips Pelvis Ilium, ischium, pubis Acetabulum Proximal femur Femoral head Arthrology Intervertebral discs Fibrocartilaginous structures separate the vertebral bodies. Composed on inner nucleus pulposus (type II collagen) and the outer annulus fibrosus (type I collagen) Providing shock absorption, allowing spinal motion, and maintaining height Facet joints (zygapophyseal joints) Paired synovial joints connect the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra with the superior articular process of the lower vertebra Sacroiliac joint Synovial joint between iliac portions of the pelvis and the sacrum allowing a small amount of motion Hip joint A ball and socket synovial joint formed by the femoral head and acetabulum Ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral provide stability and limit excess motion Labrum: a triangular fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens the acetabulum and enhances joint stability Lumbar nerve roots L1 Dermatome: groin, upper thigh Myotome: hip flexion L2 Dermatome: upper thigh, medial knee Myotome: hip flexion, knee extension L3 Dermatome: lower thigh, medial knee Myotome: knee extension L4 Dermatome: medial leg, foot Myotome: knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion L5 Dermatome: lateral leg, dorsal foot Myotome: hip abduction, ankle dorsiflexion, toe extension S1 Dermatome: lateral foot, heel Myotome: hip extension, knee flexion, plantarflexion Classification Offierski and MacNab Hip-Spine Syndrome Classification Simple Despite apparent pathologic changes in both the hip and the spine, the primary source of symptoms is easily elicited and clearly attributed to either the hip or the spine. Treatment of the one improves symptoms. Secondary Hip and spine pain are interdependent in such a way that the symptoms of one are secondary to a deformity or pathology in the other. Complex Concurrent pathologic changes in the hip and the spine with no clear primary source of pain. Misdiagnosed A patient with pathology in both areas who undergoes inappropriate treatment of the one, leading to poor clinical response, while the true source of pain is later recognized to have been the other. Presentation Diagnostically challenging due to the significant overlap of symptoms originating from the hip and the spine Clinicians should maintain high index of suspicion for concurrent pathology when evaluating the hip or the spine Hip pathology symptoms Groin pain With possible radiation to the buttock, lateral thigh, or even knee Groin pain is 84.3% sensitive and 70.3% specific for hip OA Buttock pain Present in 71% of patients with isolated hip OA C-sign Patient indicates pain by grasping lateral aspect of hip with the thumb and index finger in the groin Limp Referred knee pain 47% of patients with isolated hip OA report pain radiating below the knee Pain with hip range of motion Pain putting on shoes/socks Pain getting in and out of the car Inability to lie on patients side Associated with trochanteric bursitis or intra-articular pathology Lumbar spine symptoms Lower back pain With possible radiation to the buttock and lower extremities in dermatomal patterns in cases of radiculopathy Burning pain or electric shock character of pain Indicating radiculopathy Pain that begins and worsens with ambulation, is relieved by sitting Startup back or buttock pain indicates spinal instability Shopping cart sign Ambulatory pain is relieved when leaning over a shopping cart Indicative of lumbar stenosis Stiffness Particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity Physical exam Hip Examination Reproduction of pain in the affected hip with weight bearing ROM testing IR is the first motion lost in hip arthritis Thomas test for hip flexion contracture FABER Hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation Buttock pain indicates sacroiliac joint dysfunction Anterior/lateral pain indicates intraarticular hip pathology (FAI) FADIR Hip flexed to 90°, with forced internal rotation and adduction Groin pain can indicate FAI, labral tear Log roll Gait analysis Antalgic gait Tendelenberg gait Spine examination ROM Forward bend test to assess spinal rotational deformity Pain with extension may indicate lumbar stenosis or spinal instability Palpation for tenderness Greater trochanter, sacroiliac joints, lumbar spine Evidence of step-off Radicular findings Straight leg raise test Examined leg is raised with the knee extended Pain elicited from 30-60° indicates radiculopathy Femoral stretch test Hip is extended with the knee flexed Pain indicates lumbar radiculopathy, but can be confused with hip flexion contracture, therefore less useful in the setting of hip-spine syndrome Gait analysis Walking on heels for L4 nerve root Walking on toes for S1 nerve root Trendelenberg gait Possible L5 radiculopathy Neurologic examination Strength Sensation Reflexes Spinal alignment Imaging Radiographs Hip radiographs Weight bearing AP pelvis and lateral hip radiographs Findings of hip OA: osteophytes, subchondral cysts, joint space narrowing Osteonecrosis Femoroacetabular impingement 45° or 90° lateral or frog-leg lateral radiographs for femoral head asphericity False-profile radiographs for acetabular dysplasia Bony prominence near anterolateral head and neck junction, anterior overcoverage, acetabular retroversion, coxa profunda, protrusion acetabuli Standing and seated lateral spine/ pelvis radiographs Assessing spinopelvic mechanics Lumbar spine radiographs Standing AP and lateral For overall lumbar spine alignment, fractures, and identification of degenerative changes Flexion and extension views For instability or spondylolisthesis Spinal alignment films Full-length, 36-inch sagittal spinopelvic radiograph EOS imaging Upright, weightbearing radiographs, viewing the full body in a single image Radiographic parameters Sagittal vertical axis (SVA) Intersection between the plumb line from the center of the C7 vertebrae and the horizontal line through the posterior superior S1 end plate (photo) Pelvic incidence (PI) Angle between a line perpendicular to the S1 endplate and a line connecting the midpoint of the femoral heads to the center of the S1 endplate Static parameter PI = PT + SS Sacral slope (SS) Angle between the horizontal line and the superior endplate of S1 Normal: 35-45° Pelvic Tilt (PT) Angle between the vertical line and the line connecting the midpoint of the femoral heads to the center of the S1 endplate Normal: 10-25° Lumbar lordosis (LL) Curvature of the lumbar spine Normal: 40-60° LL = PI +/- 10° CT myelography Neural impingement MRI study of choice for superior detail CT myelography reserved for patients with preexisting spinal hardware To avoid distortion in MRI MRI Lumbar spine MRI can reveal disc degeneration, herniation, stenosis, and nerve root compression Hip MRI can reveal labral tears, cartilage loss, bone marrow edema, soft tissue pathology Early findings of osteonecrosis may only be visualized on MRI MRI arthrogram best modality for hip labral tear Useful for accult femoral neck fracture, infection, or tumor as the cause of pain Studies Diagnostic injections Intraarticular Hip injections with local anesthetic can confirm the hip as a source of pain in symptoms improve significantly Fluoroscopic guidance typically recommended Reserved for patients with radiographic evidence of hip OA due to potential toxicity to chondrocytes Patients experiencing >50% pain relief following intraarticular hip injection are likely to have successful outcome following THA. 87-96% sensitivity; 100% specificity Selective nerve root blocks or epidural injections can help ID spine-related symtpoms Improvedment in primary symptoms following ESI can confirm stennsis as primary pain generator ESI has potential for long term complications and lacks long term efficacy and should therefore only be used for diagnostic purposis in patients with findings indiating lumbar stensosi as primary pain generator Electrophysiologic studies Useful when diagnosis remains unclear Normal findings do not rule out spinal pathology Bilateral polyradiculopathy at multiple levels suggestive of DLSS Treadmill test Functional assessment of lumbar stenosis Differential Isolated hip osteoarthritis Key findings that differentiated HSS from Diff A Groin pain on PE Pain with putting on socks/shoes Limited hip internal rotation Positive Stinchfield Isolated nonarthritic hip pathology Femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears Groin pain (positive in up to 92% of patients with FAI) Positive FADIR (positive in up to 88% of patients with FAI) Plain radiographs and MRI arthrogram used for suspected FAI/labral tears Greater trochanteric pain syndrome Trochanteric bursitis, external snapping hip, gluteus minimus/medius dysfunction Pain with palpation over the lateral hip Positive Ober test Trendelenburg gait MRI to evaluate abductor function Stress fractures More common in long-distance runners, patients with metabolic bone diseases, or long-term bisphosphonate therapy Pain worsens with weight-bearing, improves with rest MRI or Technetium bone scan for diagnosis Isolated lumbar spine pathology Radiculopathy Disk herniation, spondylolisthesis, foraminal stenosis, or facet cysts L1-L3 nerve root radiculopathy may cause groin pain L5 radiculopathy may cause buttock, lateral hip, and thigh pain Electric shock-like pain radiating to lower extremity Motor weakness, sensory deficits, absent reflexes possible Straight leg raise test and contralateral straight leg raise test MRI, CT myelography, EMG used for diagnostic imaging A selective nerve-root block can help confirm diagnosis Neurogenic claudication Buttock or posterior thigh pain with ambulation Thigh and/or leg aching, weakness, heaviness with ambulation Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis may cause unilateral or bilateral low back pain with radiation to the buttocks Spondylolisthesis may cause start-up low back pain Radiculopathy common Oblique lumbar radiographs may demonstrate pars defect CT used for diagnosis of spondylolysis Standing, flexion-extension radiographs of lumbar spine used for subtle instability Sacroiliac joint pathology Unilateral or bilateral buttock pain Pain worse with downhill walking or wearing a tight belt Tenderness over SI joint Positive FABER test SI joint injection can aid in diagnosis Peripheral vascular disease Findings: Skin discoloration, skin ulcers, lower extremity alopecia, diminished or absent puses Ankle brachial index <0.90 89% sensitive for isolated femoropopliteal disease 97% sensitive for isolated aortoiliac disease Internal iliac artery claudication: Leriche Syndrome Buttock pain is the primary complaint Duplex ultrasonography used for further evaluation Pelvic pathology Metastasis Paget disease Sacral insufficiency fractures Peripheral neuropathy Meralgia paresthetica Shingles Knee osteoarthritis Lumbar spine pathology and hip pathology can both radiate to the knee Radiographs (standing AP, lateral, patellofemoral views) and physical examination useful to delineate Intraarticular knee injections diagnostic and therapeutic for primary pain generator Diagnosis Made Treatment Nonoperative observation +/- physical therapy indications techniques outcomes Operative operative treatment of hip pathology alone indications antibiotics techniques operative treatment of spine pathology alone indications timing techniques outcomes operative treatment of hip and spine pathology indications timing techniques outcomes Techniques Hip Arthroscopy indication approach basic technique advanced technique Hip Arthroplasty indications approach technique techniques - advanced basic complications advanced complications Lumbar Decompression Alone indications approach techniques complications Lumbar Fusion indications approaches techniques complications Lumbosacral Fusion indications approach technique complications Thoracolumbar Fusions indication approach techniques complications Complications Hip Arthroplasty Dislocation incidence risk factors diagnosis treatment Prognosis Natural history of disease / Prognosis without treatment Prognostic variable favorable negative Survival with treatment