Galeazzi Fractures

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Topic updated on 01/10/13 7:44pm
Introduction
  • Defined as
    • distal 1/3 radius shaft fx AND
    • associated distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) injury
  • Incidence of DRUJ instability
    • unstable in 55% 
      • if radial fracture is <7.5 cm from articular surface
    • unstable in 6% 
      • if radial fracture is >7.5 cm from articular surface
  • Mechanism
    • direct wrist trauma
      • typically dorsolateral aspect
    • fall onto outstretched hand with forearm in pronation
Anatomy
  •  DRUJ
    • sigmoid notch
      • found along ulnar border of distal radius
      • is a shallow concavity for the articulating ulnar head
    • volar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments 
      • function as the primary stabilizers of the DRUJ
    • most stable in supination
Classification
  • OTA classification of radius/ulna
    • included under subgroups and qualifications 
OTA classification of radius/ulna
22-A2.3 Radius/ulna, diaphyseal, simple fracture of radius with dislocation of DRUJ
22-A3.3 Radius/ulna, diaphyseal, simple fracture of both bones (distal zone radius) with dislocation of DRUJ

22-B2.3 radius/ulna, diaphyseal, wedge fracture of radius with dislocation of DRUJ
22-B3.3 radius/ulna, diaphyseal, wedge of both bones with dislocation of DRUJ
 
Presentation
  • Symptoms
    • pain, swelling, deformity
  • Physical exam
    • point tenderness over fracture site
    • ROM
      • test forearm supination and pronation for instability
    • DRUJ stress
      • causes wrist or midline forearm pain
Imaging
  • Radiographs
    • recomended views
      • AP and lateral views of forearm, elbow, and wrist
    • findings
      • signs of DRUJ injury
        • ulnar styloid fx
        • widening of joint on AP view
        • dorsal or volar displacement on lateral view
        • radial shortening (≥5mm)
Treatment
  • Operative
    • ORIF of radius with reduction and stabilization of DRUJ
      • indications
        • all cases, as anatomic reduction of DRUJ is required
        • acute operative treatment far superior to late reconstruction
Surgical Techniques
  • ORIF of radius
    • approach
      • volar (Henry) approach to radius  
    • plate fixation
      • perform anatomic plate fixation of radial shaft
      • place 3.5 mm DCP on radius
  • Reduction & stabilization of DRUJ
    • approach
      • dorsal capsulotomy
    • reduction technique
      • immobilization in supination x6 weeks
        • indicated if DRUJ stable following ORIF of radius
      • percutaneous pin fixation 
        • indicated if DRUJ unstable following ORIF of radius
        • pin ulna to radius and immobilize in supination
        • leave pins in place for 4 weeks in neutral
      • open surgical reduction
        • indicated if reduction is blocked
          • suspect interposition of ECU tendon
      • open reduction internal fixation
        • indicated if a large ulnar styloid fragment exists
        • fix styloid and immobilize in supination
Complications
  • Compartment syndrome
    • increased risk with
      • high energy crush injury
      • open fractures
      • vascular injuries or coagulopathies (DIC)
    • diagnosis
      • pain with passive stretch is most sensitive
  • Neurovascular injury
    • uncommon except
      • Type III open fractures
  • Refracture
    • usually occurs following plate removal
    • increased risk with
      • removing plate too early
      • large plates (4.5mm)
      • comminuted fx
      • persistent radiographic lucency
    • prevention
      • do not remove plates before 18 mos. (amount of time needed for complete primary bone healing)
  • Nonunion
  • Malunion
  • DRUJ subluxation
    • displaced by gravity, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis

 

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Qbank (2 Questions)

TAG
(OBQ10.117) A 42-year-old female sustains the injury shown in Figure A. What other anatomic structure is most commonly injured with this fracture? Topic Review Topic
FIGURES: A          

1. Radial head
2. Ulnohumeral joint
3. Distal radioulnar joint
4. Ulnar styloid
5. Scapholunate ligament

PREFERRED RESPONSE ▶
TAG
(OBQ07.47) A 30-year-old female presents with the injury shown in Figure A after falling on her outstretched arm. During operative treatment of the fracture, anatomic reduction of the radius is achieved. However, the surgeon is unable to reduce the distal radioulnar joint. What structure is most likely impeding the reduction? Topic Review Topic
FIGURES: A          

1. Median nerve
2. Flexor carpi radialis
3. Pronator quadratus
4. Extensor carpi ulnaris
5. Flexor carpi ulnaris

PREFERRED RESPONSE ▶



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Educational video describing the condition known as Galeazzi Fracture.
8/28/2012
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