Capitellum Fractures

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Topic updated on 04/02/13 3:47pm
Introduction
  • Coronal fracture of the distal humerus at capitellum
  • Epidemiology 
    • 1% of elbow fractures
  • Mechanism of injury
    • fall on outstretched hand
  • Prognosis
    • most patients will gain functional range of motion
    • surgical treatment results are favorable but have reoperation rates as high as 48%
Classification
 
 Bryan and Morrey Classification (with McKee modification)
Type I Large osseous piece of the capitellum involved
Can involve trochlea 
   
Type II (Kocher-Lorenz fracture)
Shear fracture of articular cartilage
Articular cartilage separation with very little subchondral bone attached
  
Type III Severely comminuted
Multifragmentary
  
Type IV McKee modification
Coronal shear fracture that includes the capitellum and trochlea
 
 
Presentation
  • History
    • fall on outstretched arm
  • Symptoms
    • elbow pain
    • swelling 
  • Physical exam
    • may have mechanical block to flexion and extension
Imaging
  • Radiographs
    • recommended
      • AP and lateral of the elbow
        • best demonstrated on lateral radiograph
  • CT
    • delineates fracture anatomy  
Treatment
  • Nonoperative
    • posterior splint immobilization for 3 weeks
      • indications
        • nondisplaced Type I and Type II fractures (<2 mm)
  • Operative
    • open reduction and internal fixation
      • indications
        • displaced Type I fractures (>2mm) 
        • Type IV fractures 
    • fragment excison
      • indications
        • displaced (>2mm) Type II fractures
        • displaced (>2mm) Type III fractures
Technique
  • ORIF
    • approach
      • lateral approach recommended for Type IV fx 
    • screw fixation 
      • headless screw fixation
      • minifragment screw using posterior to anterior fixation
      • counter sunk minifragmentary screw using anterior to posterior fixation
    • avoid disruption of the blood supply that comes from the posterolateral aspect of the elbow 
Complications
  • Nonunion (1-11% with ORIF)
  • Ulnar nerve injury
  • Heterotopic ossification (4% with ORIF)
  • AVN of capitellum
  • Nonunion of olecranon osteotomy

 

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Qbank (1 Questions)

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(OBQ05.201) A 20-year-old man falls from his bicycle. He is going to be scheduled for open reduction internal fixation. What best describes the injury shown in Figure A and B? Topic Review Topic
FIGURES: A   B        

1. Coronoid fracture
2. Capitellum fracture with extension into the trochlea
3. Radial head and capitellum fracture
4. Isolated capitellum fracture
5. Trochlea fracture

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