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The ulnar styloid and coronoid process are best seen on the AP radiograph
1%
50/6679
On the lateral radiograph the radial styloid and biceps tuberosity are oriented 90 degrees apart
5%
335/6679
On the AP radiograph, the ulnar styloid and the coronoid process are oriented 180 degrees apart
3%
196/6679
On the AP radiograph, the radial styloid and biceps tuberosity are oriented 180 degrees apart
73%
4908/6679
On the AP radiograph the radial styloid and biceps tuberosity are oriented 90 degrees apart
17%
1144/6679
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When a forearm fracture is properly reduced, the AP radiograph demonstrates the radial styloid and biceps tuberosty 180 degrees apart (Illustration A). On the lateral, the coronoid process and ulnar styloid will be 180 degrees apart. Noonan et al reviewed pediatric forearm and distal radius fractures in children. They concluded that in children <9 years of age, complete displacement, 15 degrees of angulation, and 45 degrees of malrotation are acceptable. In children 9 years of age or older, 30 degrees of malrotation is acceptable, with 10 degrees of angulation for proximal fractures and 15 degrees for more distal fractures. Complete bayonet apposition is acceptable, especially for distal radius fractures, as long as angulation does not exceed 20 degrees and 2 years of growth remains. For patients with less than two years of growth remaining, surgical indications and tolerances are the same as for adults. Dumont et al studied the effect of malrotation of the radius and/or ulna on supination and pronation in cadaver forearms. They determined that malrotation of the radius in supination led to the largest decrease in rotation due to a single bone while a combined rotational malunion of the radius and ulna in opposite directions led to the largest limitation of the range of motion. They determined that rotational malunion may be isolated or part of a complex angular/rotational deformity with rotational malunion leading to increased impairment.
3.6
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