The fibular nerve has been historically referred to as the peroneal nerve because the fibula can also be referred to as the perone. It has recently become more commonplace to refer to the peroneal nerve as the fibular nerve to distinguish it from the similar-sounding perineal nerve. The fibular nerve terminology will be used in all parts of this article. Fibular neuropathy is considered the most common neuropathy in the lower extremities and tends to occur secondary to compression, entrapment, direct trauma, or ischemia. In fibular neuropathy, both the deep and superficial nerves tend to be affected. If a single branch is being affected, the deep fibular nerve tends to be more frequently affected than the superficial fibular nerve. This occurs as the deep fibular nerve fascicles are more superficial at the fibular head; thus, they are more exposed to trauma and compression. The fibular nerve's most common compression site is found at the fibular head/neck, where the nerve is most superficial.  Patients tend to present with either an acute or a gradual foot drop. Patients may give a history of falls and possibly tripping due to the foot drop. They may also complain of paresthesias or numbness in the lower leg's lateral portion and the foot's dorsum. Pain can be absent in many cases presenting with a foot drop. However, pain can be an initial presenting symptom in patients without a foot drop but can show a slight weakness in ankle dorsiflexion only when carefully examined. One-third of these patients can have normal electrodiagnostic tests. Injuries to the common fibular nerve can be due to compression from the prolonged crossing of legs, poor positioning during surgery (most common in acute settings), weight loss (most common in a subacute or chronic setting), poor application of a cast, prolonged squatting position (carpet layers, carpentry workers, farmworkers), or diabetes mellitus. An isolated weakness of the ankle dorsiflexors and evertors can help clinicians differentiate a fibular neuropathy from L5 radiculopathy, which would also involve the ankle invertors. Studies of the tibialis posterior or gluteus medius muscles, which are not supplied by the fibular nerve but have an L5 innervation, can differentiate L5 radiculopathy. Fibular neuropathies can also be mistaken for lumbosacral plexopathy and sciatic neuropathy. Sciatic neuropathy frequently shows a foot drop and can be confused with common fibular neuropathy. Sciatic neuropathy is the second most common neuropathy in the lower extremity. Deep fibular neuropathy can occur by patients whose nerves are compressed by trauma (ankle sprains or fractures), footwear (high heeled shoes, tight shoes, or high boots), or intrinsic causes as the nerve passes under the extensor retinaculum (osteophytes, ganglion cysts, or lipomas). Pressure from an anterior compartment syndrome can cause an isolated injury to the deep branch. The superficial fibular nerve can be injured by compression related to trauma, sprained ankles, or lipomas.