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Spine
# PMID Evidence Tag
Evidence
Subspecialty
Complexity
Importance
PDF
1 12374487
Sohail K Mirza , JAAOS 2002
Classifications of thoracic and lumbar fractures: rationale and supporting data. Spine
D
2 32740674
Paul R Krafft 2020
Percutaneous lumbar pedicle fixation in young children with flexion-distraction injury-case report and operative technique. Spine
E
3 38000543
P Domenech 2023
[Translated article] Efficacy and safety of halo-gravity traction in the treatment of spinal deformities: A systematic review of the literature. Spine
E
4 37490682
Julieta Bitler 2023
Juvenile scoliosis as the first manifestation of syringomyelia associated with Chiari malformation type I. Spine
E
5 7809749
T Uchihara , SPINE 1994
Compression of brachial plexus as a diagnostic test of cervical cord lesion. Spine
L 1
D
6 32657842
Patrick B Morrissey 2021
Surgical Management of Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures: Surgical Decision-making Using the AOSpine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification Score and Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score. Spine
E
7 17873819
Gene Cheh , SPINE 2007
Adjacent segment disease followinglumbar/thoracolumbar fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation: a minimum 5-year follow-up. Spine
L 5
D
8 26519429
Jesse E Bible , JAAOS 2015
Avoiding and Managing Intraoperative Complications During Cervical Spine Surgery. Spine
L 3
C
9 7302677
R I Davidson , SPINE 1981
The shoulder abduction test in the diagnosis of radicular pain in cervical extradural compressive monoradiculopathies. Spine
L 2
D
10 16464980
M Engelhardt 2006
Neurosurgical operations with the patient in sitting position: analysis of risk factors using transcranial Doppler sonography. Spine
L 4
D
11 2398088
S D Boden , JBJS 1990
Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. Spine
L 3
D
12 17097548
Junichi Mizuno , SPINE 2006
Ossified posterior longitudinal ligament: management strategies and outcomes. Spine
C
13 15167669
Sean S Kohles , SPINE 2004
Time-dependent surgical outcomes following cauda equina syndrome diagnosis: comments on a meta-analysis. Spine
D
14 15089076
R Sean Jackson , JAAOS 2002
Upper cervical spine injuries. Spine
L 4
D
15 23574813
Darren R Lebl , SPINE 2013
Vertebral artery injury associated with blunt cervical spine trauma: a multivariate regression analysis. Spine
L 5
C
16 12394903
Partha S Basu , SPINE 2002
Congenital spinal deformity: a comprehensive assessment at presentation. Spine
L 1
D
17 29293162
Senol Bekmez , SPINE 2018
Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy Versus Multiple Posterior Column Osteotomies in Severe and Rigid Neuromuscular Scoliosis. Spine
E
18 15770185
Steven D Glassman , SPINE 2005
Correlation of radiographic parameters and clinical symptoms in adult scoliosis. Spine
L 3
D
19 16249901
Eiren Toh , INTORT 2006
Surgical treatment for injuries of the middle and lower cervical spine. Spine
E
  PDF
20 17873817
Michael D Daubs , SPINE 2007
Adult spinal deformity surgery: complications and outcomes in patients over age 60. Spine
L 5
D
21 28387851
Silky Chotai , NEUROS 2017
Does Intrawound Vancomycin Application During Spine Surgery Create Vancomycin-Resistant Organism? Spine
D
22 24866892
Brian Gallagher , AJSM 2015
Chondroprotection and the prevention of osteoarthritis progression of the knee: a systematic review of treatment agents. Spine
E
23 37117321
Fatma Kilinc 2023
Surgical management and clinical outcome of cervical, thoracic and thoracolumbar spinal tuberculosis in a middle-European adult population. Spine
E
  PDF
24 9431616
J S Fischgrund , SPINE 1997
1997 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis: a prospective, randomized study comparing decompressive laminectomy and arthrodesis with and wi Spine
L 1
D
25 25835484
Dong-Gune Chang , SPINE 2015
Posterior hemivertebra resection and short segment fusion with pedicle screw fixation for congenital scoliosis in children younger than 10 years: greater than 7-year follow-up. Spine
L 4
C
26 4066945
J Biondi , JPO 1985
Correlation of Risser sign and bone age determination in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine
L 4
D
27 20516309
Donald E Katz , JBJS 2010
Brace wear control of curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine
L 4
D
28 15466727
Jon R Davids , JBJS 2004
Indications for magnetic resonance imaging in presumed adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine
E
29 37991870
Olesja Hazenbiller 2023
From Radiographic Evaluation to Treatment Decisions in Neurologically Intact Patients With Thoraco-lumbar Burst Fractures. Spine
E
30 2218711
A G Patwardhan , SPINE 1990
Orthotic stabilization of thoracolumbar injuries. A biomechanical analysis of the Jewett hyperextension orthosis. Spine
E
31 10851100
U M Ahn , SPINE 2000
Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes. Spine
L 1
D
32 16467183
Brian K Kwon , JAAOS 2006
Subaxial cervical spine trauma. Spine
L 2
C
33 12544952
Matthew E Pollard , SPINE 2003
Factors associated with improved neurologic outcomes in patients with incomplete tetraplegia. Spine
L 2
D
34 9106320
E J Carragee , SPINE 1997
The clinical use of magnetic resonance imaging in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Spine
L 2
D
35 16685237
Travis G Maak , SPINE 2006
The contemporary treatment of odontoid injuries. Spine
L 1
D
36 21463732
David T Netscher , JHS 2011
Surgical technique: posterior deltoid-to-triceps transfer in tetraplegic patients. Spine
L 3
D
37 8668357
P Bravo 1996
An assessment of factors affecting neurological recovery after spinal cord injury with vertebral fracture. Spine
L 2
D
38 12131176
Steven C Kirshblum 2002
Comparison of the revised 2000 American Spinal Injury Association classification standards with the 1996 guidelines. Spine
L 3
D
39 2715816
R D Bucholz , JNEURS 1989
Halo vest versus spinal fusion for cervical injury: evidence from an outcome study. Spine
D
40 30277999
Peter O Newton , JBJS 2018
Anterior Spinal Growth Tethering for Skeletally Immature Patients with Scoliosis: A Retrospective Look Two to Four Years Postoperatively. Spine
L 5
B
41 35295027
Nitin Gupta 2022
Clinical profile, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of patients with tubercular versus nontubercular causes of spine involvement: A retrospective cohort study from India. Spine
E
42 29145512
Theresa Krätzig , PLOS 2017
Impact of the surgical strategy on the incidence of C5 nerve root palsy in decompressive cervical surgery. Spine
E
  PDF
43 36119921
Jianquan Zhao 2022
Predictive Factors for Late-Onset Neurological Deficits in Patients with Posttuberculous Thoracic Kyphosis. Spine
E
  PDF
44 30739071
Xiaodong Qin 2019
Where to stop distally in Lenke modifier C AIS with lumbar curve more than 60°: L3 or L4? Spine
E
45 8845720
C Granata 1996
Long-term results of spine surgery in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Spine
E
46 34751757
OSCIS investigators 2021
Effect of Early vs Delayed Surgical Treatment on Motor Recovery in Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury With Preexisting Cervical Stenosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Spine
E
47 36333715
Jun Jiang 2022
Accuracy of thoracic pedicle screw placement in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients using the entry point identified by new landmarks: a computed tomography study. Spine
E
  PDF
48 35659591
Lei Zhu 2022
Analysis of the Risk Factors for C5 Nerve Palsy After Cervical Posterior Open-Door Laminoplasty for Patients with Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy-From the Perspective of Cervical Sagittal Parameters. Spine
E
49 35076899
Thomas Bane 2022
Predicting the impact of intraoperative halo-femoral traction from preoperative imaging in neuromuscular scoliosis. Spine
E
50 36538274
Aditya Vedantam 2022
Spinal Cord Stress After Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion: Results from a Patient-Specific Finite Element Model. Spine
E
  PDF
51 32809514
Katarzyna Studnicka
Lumbosacral Spondylolisthesis Spine
E
52 33963022
Hanci Zhang 2021
Early Fusion Rates After Direct Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Bone-Morphogenetic Protein. Spine
E
  PDF
53 26384133
Matthew Mantell 2016
Biomechanical analysis of an expandable lateral cage and a static transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion cage with posterior instrumentation in an in vitro spondylolisthesis model. Spine
E
54 31415897
William B Hogan 2019
Timing of Surgical Decompression for Cauda Equina Syndrome. Spine
E
55 33247324
Yoshihito Yamasaki , EJOST 2021
Can prophylactic C4/5 foraminotomy prevent C5 palsy after cervical laminoplasty with and without posterior instrumented fusion with maximal expansion? Spine
E
  PDF
56 30475334
Anthony L Asher , SPINE 2019
Effect of Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association Severity Classifications on Satisfaction With Outcomes 12 Months After Elective Surgery for Cervical Spine Myelopathy. Spine
E
57 28973385
Kavelin Rumalla , NEUROS 2018
Cervical Total Disc Replacement and Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: Reoperation Rates, Complications, and Hospital Resource Utilization in 72 688 Patients in the United States. Spine
E
58 14724720
Po-Quang Chen 2003
Management of scoliosis. Spine
E
59 35183155
Fubiao Zhou , BMCMS 2022
Clinical application of a modified percutaneous vertebroplasty instrument in vertebral body biopsy in adults. Spine
E
  PDF
60 33061480
Guohua Dai 2020
Studies on 11 Cases of Spinal Epidural Abscess and Literature Review. Spine
E
  PDF
61 18586531
Junichiro Hamada , JSES 2008
A cadaveric study of the serratus anterior muscle and the long thoracic nerve. Spine
E
62 19372358
Desiree A Teoh 2009
Surface anatomy as a guide to vertebral level for thoracic epidural placement. Spine
E
63 3589807
M R Zindrick , SPINE 1987
Analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic and lumbar pedicles. Spine
E
64 12616150
Takatomo Moro , SPINE 2003
An anatomic study of the lumbar plexus with respect to retroperitoneal endoscopic surgery. Spine
E
65 28207621
Masahiro Kanayama 2017
MRI-based Decision Making of Implant Removal in Deep Wound Infection After Instrumented Lumbar Fusion. Spine
E
66 30069530
Robert S Lee 2018
Timing of surgery and radiotherapy in the management of metastatic spine disease: expert opinion. Spine
E
  PDF
67 37164709
Shutaro Fujimoto 2023
Evaluation of segmental mobility in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis : A comparison of images from standing flexion-extension and standing/supine slippage. Spine
E
68 37294595
Tzu-Yi Chou 2023
Surgical Versus Non-Surgical Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures Without Neurological Deficit: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Spine
E
69 16394912
David S Heffernan , JTACS 2005
What defines a distracting injury in cervical spine assessment? Spine
E
70 15302243
John R Crawford , INJURY 2004
Early management and outcome following soft tissue injuries of the neck-a randomised controlled trial. Spine
E
71 22425784
Kern Singh , SPINEJ 2012
Factors affecting reoperations after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion within and outside of a Federal Drug Administration investigational device exemption cervical disc replacement trial. Spine
E
72 16545042
D J Cooper 2005
Clearing the cervical spine in unconscious head injured patients - the evidence. Spine
E
73 15995468
Ilan Freedman , JTACS 2005
Cervical spine assessment in the unconscious trauma patient: a major trauma service's experience with passive flexion-extension radiography. Spine
E
74 16456452
Nicole A Stassen , JTACS 2006
Magnetic resonance imaging in combination with helical computed tomography provides a safe and efficient method of cervical spine clearance in the obtunded trauma patient. Spine
E
75 14624083
Mark Rosenfeld , SPINE 2003
Active intervention in patients with whiplash-associated disorders improves long-term prognosis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Spine
L 3
D
76 10405730
C C Blackmore 1999
Cervical spine screening with CT in trauma patients: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Spine
E
77 20048092
Michael Akbar , JBJS 2010
Prevalence of rotator cuff tear in paraplegic patients compared with controls. Spine
E
78 15016402
Christopher M Bono , SPINEJ 2004
Gunshot wounds to the spine. Spine
L 4
E
79 22985378
Robert G Grossman 2012
Incidence and severity of acute complications after spinal cord injury. Spine
E
80 27490910
Joseph P Gjolaj 2015
Gunshot Injuries to the Spine. Spine
E
81 20638861
Masaaki Sagae 2010
Strict actions of the human wrist extensors: A study with an electrical neuromuscular stimulation method. Spine
E
82 10762194
P Frey-Rindova , SCORD 2000
Bone mineral density in upper and lower extremities during 12 months after spinal cord injury measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Spine
E
83 11580007
Y Kishi 2001
Suicidal ideation among patients during the rehabilitation period after life-threatening physical illness. Spine
L 4
D
84 2114994
F Biering-Sørensen 1990
Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury. Spine
E
85 8855456
N A Ebraheim , SPINE 1996
An anatomic study of the thickness of the occipital bone. Implications for occipitocervical instrumentation. Spine
L 4
D
86 8855455
R I Zipnick , SPINE 1996
Occipital morphology. An anatomic guide to internal fixation. Spine
E
87 15782051
Peter L Gregory 2005
Single photon emission computerized tomography and reverse gantry computerized tomography findings in patients with back pain investigated for spondylolysis. Spine
L 3
D
88 19352240
Guy Klein , JPO 2009
Nonoperative treatment of spondylolysis and grade I spondylolisthesis in children and young adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Spine
E
89 19142078
Kristen E Radcliff , CSMR 2009
Surgical management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in athletes: indications and return to play. Spine
E
90 24088964
Andrew T Chen , JBJS 2013
Impact of nonoperative treatment, vertebroplasty, and kyphoplasty on survival and morbidity after vertebral compression fracture in the medicare population. Spine
E
91 27559447
Kavin Khatri 2016
Neglected Thoraco Lumbar Traumatic Spine Injuries. Spine
E
  PDF
92 22422305
A A Edidin 2013
Life expectancy following diagnosis of a vertebral compression fracture. Spine
E
93 15043351
Michael Pfeifer 2004
Effects of a new spinal orthosis on posture, trunk strength, and quality of life in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Spine
E
94 23690700
Paul J Graziotti 2013
Significance of preoperative MRI in establishing levels of augmentation for percutaneous vertebroplasty. Spine
E
  PDF
95 17021418
Karl M Schweitzer Jr 2006
Confusion regarding mechanisms of injury in the setting of thoracolumbar spinal trauma: a survey of The Spine Trauma Study Group (STSG). Spine
E
96 14996901
J J Verlaan , JBJS 2004
Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of a thoracolumbar burst fracture without neurological deficit. Spine
L 2
D
97 30479250
Ulrich J Spiegl 2018
The Conservative Treatment of Traumatic Thoracolumbar Vertebral Fractures. Spine
E
  PDF
98 24224597
Bharti Khurana 2013
Traumatic thoracolumbar spine injuries: what the spine surgeon wants to know. Spine
E
99 6478692
R L DeWald , CORR 1984
Burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine. Spine
E
100 1553326
E G Wood 3rd , ORTHO 1992
Thoracolumbar fractures: an overview with emphasis on the burst injury. Spine
E
101 6717719
J M Fuentes 1984
[Chance's fracture]. Spine
E
102 7885717
T A Greenwald 1994
Pediatric seatbelt injuries: diagnosis and treatment of lumbar flexion-distraction injuries. Spine
E
103 6478691
F Denis , CORR 1984
Acute thoracolumbar burst fractures in the absence of neurologic deficit. A comparison between operative and nonoperative treatment. Spine
E
104 10790673
JM Spivak , JAAOS 1995
Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: I. Evaluation and Classification. Spine
E
105 28699136
B Mirzashahi 2018
Intrawound application of vancomycin changes the responsible germ in elective spine surgery without significant effect on the rate of infection: a randomized prospective study. Spine
E
106 36498586
Toshitaka Yoshii 2022
Prospective Investigation of Surgical Outcomes after Anterior Decompression with Fusion and Laminoplasty for the Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Spine
E
  PDF
107 36435725
Takeshi Inoue , J Orthop Sci. 2022
Time course of symptomatic improvement after open-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine
E
108 32309308
Satoshi Nori 2020
Comparison between muscle-preserving selective laminectomy and laminoplasty for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine
E
  PDF
109 29164031
John Rhee 2017
Nonoperative Versus Operative Management for the Treatment Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: An Updated Systematic Review. Spine
E
  PDF
110 30150063
Konstantinos M Themistoklis 2018
Spinal synovial cysts. A case series and current treatment options. Spine
E
111 24411833
Kenzo Uchida , SPINEJ 2014
Prognostic value of changes in spinal cord signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical compressive myelopathy. Spine
E
112 23168392
Seiichi Odate 2013
Hybrid Decompression and Fixation Technique Versus Plated Three-Vertebra Corpectomy for Four-Segment Cervical Myelopathy: Analysis of 81 Cases With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-Up. Spine
E
113 30714009
Chester J Donnally 3rd 2018
The most influential publications in cervical myelopathy. Spine
E
  PDF
114 25862507
Peter G Passias , SPINEJ 2015
Magnitude of preoperative cervical lordotic compensation and C2-T3 angle are correlated to increased risk of postoperative sagittal spinal pelvic malalignment in adult thoracolumbar deformity patients at 2-year follow-up. Spine
E
115 15613148
Z Kadanka 2005
Predictive factors for spondylotic cervical myelopathy treated conservatively or surgically. Spine
L 3
D
116 31424740
Eric Whitney
Hoffmann Sign Spine
E
117 22832551
Hang Zhang 2015
Effect of lamina open angles in expansion open-door laminoplasty on the clinical results in treating cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine
E
118 26231961
Jean-Christophe A Leveque 2015
Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy and Myelopathy. Spine
E
119 22251974
Glen R Manzano , NEUROS 2012
A prospective, randomized trial comparing expansile cervical laminoplasty and cervical laminectomy and fusion for multilevel cervical myelopathy. Spine
E
120 23448898
Alina Karpova , SPINE 2013
Predictors of surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine
E
121 22828154
Joseph Danto 2012
Multiple cervical levels: increased risk of dysphagia and dysphonia during anterior cervical discectomy. Spine
E
122 12544935
Ebba M K Bergström , SPINE 2003
The relation of thoracic and lumbar fracture configuration to the development of late deformity in childhood spinal cord injury. Spine
E
123 3597518
S R Garfin , JBJS 1987
Complications in the use of the halo fixation device. Spine
L 4
D
124 8272942
J K Starr , SPINE 1993
Atypical hangman's fractures. Spine
E
125 32991516
Joshua A Benton , SPINE 2021
A Multidisciplinary Spine Surgical Indications Conference Leads to Alterations in Surgical Plans in a Significant Number of Cases: A Case Series. Spine
E
126 2263974
A M Star , SPINE 1990
Immediate closed reduction of cervical spine dislocations using traction. Spine
L 2
D
127 34751757
OSCIS investigators 2021
Effect of Early vs Delayed Surgical Treatment on Motor Recovery in Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury With Preexisting Cervical Stenosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Spine
E
128 36600826
Sanjay Yadav 2022
Analysis of a Hybrid Spine Fixation Approach for the Treatment of Unstable Thoracolumbar Fractures. Spine
E
  PDF
129 35019765
Paula Valerie Ter Wengel 2022
Impact of Surgical Timing on Motor Level Lowering in Motor Complete Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Spine
E
130 29620588
Richard M Smith 2018
Atlas Fractures: Diagnosis, Current Treatment Recommendations, and Implications for Elderly Patients. Spine
E
131 4434037
J W Fielding , JBJS 1974
Tears of the transverse ligament of the atlas. A clinical and biomechanical study. Spine
L 4
D
132 34505843
Valeria Pagliei 2021
Cervical spine trauma: impact of different imaging classification systems in the clinical decision-making. Spine
E
  PDF
133 36452913
Alexander Wilton 2022
Risk Factors for Postoperative Complications and In-Hospital Mortality Following Surgery for Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Spine
E
  PDF
134 31881537
Marko Jug 2019
Window of opportunity for surgical decompression in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Spine
E
135 18171958
Margaret A Olsen , JBJS 2008
Risk factors for surgical site infection following orthopaedic spinal operations. Spine
E
136 24436857
Masayoshi Ishii 2013
Postoperative deep surgical-site infection after instrumented spinal surgery: a multicenter study. Spine
E
  PDF
137 24048091
Vijay Ramappa Tubaki , SPINE 2013
Effects of using intravenous antibiotic only versus local intrawound vancomycin antibiotic powder application in addition to intravenous antibiotics on postoperative infection in spine surgery in 907 patients. Spine
E
138 34907931
Brian A Karamian 2021
Comparison of Outcomes Including or Excluding the Level of Listhesis After ACDF in the Setting of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Spine
E
139 34906739
Long Zhao , SPINEJ 2021
Comparing the medium-term outcomes of lumbar interbody fusion via transforaminal and oblique approach in treating lumbar degenerative disc diseases. Spine
E
140 35991588
Yongjian Gao 2022
Surgical Reduction and Direct Repair Using Pedicle Screw-Rod-Hook Fixation in Adult Patients with Low-Grade Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. Spine
E
  PDF
141 34896611
François Dantas , SPINEJ 2021
Effect of interbody fusion compared with posterolateral fusion on lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine
E
142 35172449
M Khalifé , ACTAB 2021
Isthmic spondylolisthesis treated with circumferential arthrodesis (ALIF and posterior fixation): correction, fusion and indirect decompression. Spine
E
143 34736171
Kinda Khalaf 2021
Comparative biomechanical analysis of rigid vs. flexible fixation devices for the lumbar spine: A geometrically patient-specific poroelastic finite element study. Spine
E
144 34534956
Heiko Koller 2021
Surgical outcomes with anatomic reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis revisited: an analysis of 101 patients. Spine
E
145 30660222
David G Deckey 2019
Surgical Treatment of Developmental Spondylolisthesis: Contemporary Series With a Two-Surgeon Team. Spine
E
146 32434018
Tao Lin 2020
The Joe-Lin Operative Classification System for Pediatric Lumbosacral Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis. Spine
E
147 33298798
Sandip P Tarpada 2020
Comparing Surgical Treatments for Spondylolysis: Review on Current Research. Spine
E
148 30660224
Anders Joelson 2019
Self-Image and Health-Related Quality of Life Three Decades After Fusion In Situ for High-Grade Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. Spine
E
149 28373617
Kazuta Yamashita 2017
The reduction and direct repair of isthmic spondylolisthesis using the smiley face rod method in adolescent athlete: Technical note. Spine
E
150 9747616
M D Murphey 1998
Enchondroma versus chondrosarcoma in the appendicular skeleton: differentiating features. Spine
E
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