Joint Biomechanics Definitions Joint reaction force defined as force generated within a joint in response to forces acting on the joint in the hip, it is the result of the need to balance the moment arms of the body weight and abductor tension maintains a level pelvis Coupled forces when two movements and associated forces are coupled Joint congruence relates to fit of two articular surfaces high congruence increases joint contact area Instant center of rotation point about which a joint rotates often changes during rotation due to joint translation center of gravity of human is just anterior to S2 Friction and lubrication not a function of contact area lubrication decreases friction examples coefficient of friction of human joints is .002 to .04 TJA (metal on PE) is .05 to .15 Free Body Analysis Definitions Newtons laws first law if there is no net force on an object, its velocity remains constant second law force equals mass multiplied by acceleration F=ma third law when a first body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body F2=-F1 Force definition a push or pull on an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object equation force = mass x acceleration, F=ma 1 Newton = force required to give 1 kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s2 Vector definition a quantity that contains both direction and magnitude scalar quantities do not have direction forces and velocity can be broken down into vectors Moment (torque) definition the tendency of a force to rotate a body around an axis equation moment (torque) = force(perpendicular) X distance Work definition when a force acts upon an object to create displacement equation work = force (vector parallel to displacement) x distance Energy definition ability of an object to perform work classification potential energy equation U (potential energy) = mass x gravity x height kinetic energy equation KE (kinetic energy) = 1/2mv2 Hip Free Body Analysis Free body analysis diagram W = gravitational force weight of the body minus weight of ipsilateral extremity (or 5/6 body weight) M = abductor muscle force R = joint reaction force can reach 3 to 6 times body weight Solving for joint reaction force (R) step 1: calculate My principle sum of all moments equals 0 in this case, the moments are created by My and W equation (A x My) + (B x W) = 0 assume A = 5cm and B = 12.5cm (this information will be given to you) My = 2.5W step 2: calculate Ry Ry = My + W Ry = 2.5W + W Ry = 3.5W step 3: calculate R R = Ry / (cos 30°) R = 3.5W / (cos 30°) R = ~4W Clinical Implications Actions that decrease joint reaction force include increase in ratio of A/B (shift center of rotation medially) acetabular side moving acetabular component medial, inferior, and anterior femoral side increasing offset of femoral component long stem prosthesis lateralization of greater trochanter by using increased offset neck/prosthesis varus neck-shaft angulation increases shear across joint patient's gait shifting body weight over affected hip this results in Trendelenburg gait cane in contralateral hand reduces abductor muscle pull and decreases the moment arm between the center of gravity and the femoral head carrying load in ipsilateral hand produces additional downward moment on same side of rotational point Actions that increase joint reaction force include valgus neck-shaft angulation decreases shear across joint