- Nonoperative
- shoe modifications, such as extra-depth or extra-wide shoes, generally will improve symptoms.
- taping and manipulative reduction attempts are ineffective
- Operative
- metatarsal lengthening or amputation may be indicated
- indicated if symptoms persist in the older child
- extensor tenotomy and capsulotomy are not likely to sufficiently correct the deformity
- fusion or metatarsal lengthening result in complications and generally are not indicated.
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